Plagued by cost overruns and delays, by the time the project was finished demand for aluminum had leveled off. 1919 - 2000. Salaried employees have since received pay adjustments. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. Sign up to Stock Advisor for $79 for 1 year, Save 15% on orders of $100+ with Kohl's coupon, The Tax Play That Saves Some Couples Big Bucks, Amazon Pausing Construction of Washington, D.C.-Area Second Headquarters. Since 1952, Alcoa Foundation has invested more than $700 million in Alcoa communities and is one of the largest corporate foundations in the United States. You must click the activation link in order to complete your subscription. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. Prior to the separation of Alcoa Inc. into two publicly-traded companies in 2016, Bill had been Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, a position he assumed in 2013. The company was originally founded to produce foil for cigarette packaging. Jeffrey (Jeff) Heeter is Executive Vice President and General Counsel for Alcoa Corporation. Co., the world's third-largest aluminum company, in a $4.5 Employees: 126,700. Reynolds says that in December 1997, the federal government halted the sale of the Alloys facility to Alcoa. Before the ink . At one time, the plant employed more than 300 . The SRMT tribal lands are divided by the United States and Canadian border and subdivided by Franklin County in New York and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada. While there, he worked with the global casthouse system to develop performance measurement systems and drive casthouse profitability. Alcoa treats the SPL produced from its U.S. smelters at the Gum Springs, AR, hazardous waste treatment facility . Alcoa Inc. and Reynolds Metals Company announced today that the U.S. Department of Justice and the European Union have approved their proposed merger and . combination, with certain conditions aimed at limiting Pittsburgh-based Company History: The largest aluminum manufacturer in the world, Alcoa Inc. produces aluminum and alumina for automotive, aerospace, commercial transportation, construction, packaging, and other markets. In 2000, the plant was temporarily shut down. You may change your billing preferences at any time in the Customer Center or call The material was moved manually from one floor to another before the finished product was ready for shipment. Total cost is only $ 299.00. Thatcher Trucking Co. Tanker Truck Accident Hydrochloric Acid Spill, Brio Refining Inc. and Dixie Oil Processors Inc. NPL Sites, Chevron/Former Gulf Oil Refinery Port Arthur Waste Site, Wayne Reclamation & Recycling/Wayne Waste Oil Site. They downloaded fact sheets, newsletter articles, and employee benefits Q&A to help them communicate to employees.World-Class Materials Ketchum developed a special edition box of Reynolds Wrap Aluminum Foil, posters, brochures, a wallet card and advertisements to commemorate the event. Aluminum is an essential element in powering a global, sustainable economy. Decided: May 10, 2001 Before NIEMEYER, MICHAEL, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges. On a hill overlooking the Allegheny River and Alcoa's production facility along its banks in Pittsburgh, the company builds a campus-like facility dedicated to finding new aluminum applications, testing its performance and improving production processes. Though he failed in his effort to buy the company, losing out to metals giant Alcoa Inc., Lynch is back in the news again. any form or medium without express written consent of NRDAR is Strictly Prohibited. Market indices are shown in real time, except for the DJIA, which is delayed by two minutes. Two Days Mattered Most. After the Second World War, the sense of aluminum's utility expanded to include its ornamental characteristics. Alcoa Inc reaches definitive merger agreement with Reynolds Metals Co, in relatively swift negotiations that leave some Reynolds shareholders grumbling; in all-stock deal, Reynolds' shareholders . Fata, Reynolds, and a group of Soviet organizations began constructing a $200 million aluminum-foil plant in Siberia in the 1990s. This merger led . Reynolds decided to move the company's headquarters south again. Contact info: george.cain@alcoa.com Find more info on AllPeople about George Cain and Reynolds Metals Co Inc, as well as people who work for similar businesses nearby, colleagues for other branches, and more people with a similar name . Suite 500 More than 5 million people in 56 markets heard the news through the VNR broadcast.More than 9 million readers saw advertisements in the Wall St Journal, USA Today and other media.No matter how many balls I tossed into the air, they were always caught. You can enable targeting cookies on our Cookie Policy page. They downloaded fact sheets, newsletter articles, and employee benefits Q&A to help them communicate to employees. In this role, Kelly is responsible for leading the commercial function including sales and trading, marketing, supply chain, commercial operations, and procurement. Reynolds metals company is located in Malvern, Arkansas, and was founded in 2011. Reynolds, Jr. brought in a financial consulting firm to streamline operations. She also oversees the Alcoa Foundation. In 1993, RMC and NYSDEC signed a Consent Order that required RMC to implement the remedy in the ROD. Tammi A. Jones is Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer for Alcoa Corporation, focusing on all aspects of human resource management, including talent and recruitment, compensation and benefits, training and development and labor relations. Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program, Portland, OR | (503) 231-6179 | http://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/, If you have any problems, suggestions, or comments about our website please notify DOINRDAR@ios.doi.gov. Video Vision Camera crews filmed Day One events, enabling Ketchum to generate managed media coverage and produce a merger video that was distributed for employee screenings. Reynolds Metals Company appeals from a class-certification order obtained by the plaintiffs in this case, who are former salaried employees of Reynolds ("the plaintiff employees"). The choice for the new official name is an easy one: "Alcoa," the well-known and popular short name coined first in 1910 as the name of a company town in Tennessee. hUK0+>VvIJJC UAzaxO}&db2j& )y:@{|=2Y$mWv1GyV ;yFvgb ,_c&OdgWl3L/9m6-UYicTIF`(* g`2dPnN-|j6o#}H A WarnerMedia Company. Already a member? Alcoa had made a . Content Protected Copyright 2023 NRDAR. Alvin's work continues 45 years later. William F. (Bill) Oplinger is Executive Vice President and Chief Operations Officer of Alcoa, responsible for the daily operations of the Companys global bauxite, alumina, and aluminum assets. You did a masterful job of coordinating this project and have been a major contributor throughout. Reynolds Metals Company was founded in 1919 by R.S. Permits to start clearing contaminated soil along Industrial Way in Longview could be secured this summer, with cleanup starting in 2023, officials say. Alcoa ELYSIS aluminum is produced and sold at industrial scale for the first time, representing a major milestone in advancing the ELYSIS technology invented by Alcoa. Learn more about the Foundation. [5], In 1958, the company launched the "Designs for Giving" campaign, in which professional artists and designers were hired to create special patterns for gift wrapping. The Reynolds Metals Company opened its Massena aluminum reduction plant in 1958, on the bank of the St. Lawrence River, near the near the Massena-Cornwall International Bridge. Prior to assuming this role, Jeff was Group Counsel for Alcoa Global Primary Products from 2010 to 2014. Alex Murdaughs Trial Lasted Six Weeks. It was in turn leased to Philip Morris USA in 2003 and later joined by parent company Altria in 2008. Alcoa's first aerospace alloy, 2017-T4, is a critical material for building the historic USS Shenandoah rigid airship. Alcoa Corporation (an acronym for Aluminum Company of America) is a Pittsburgh-based industrial corporation.It is the world's eighth-largest producer of aluminum. Other RMC-related contaminants that were found in the St. Lawrence River sediment included aluminum, furans, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). She previously served as the Secretary-Treasurer of the African American Cultural Center, which owns the August Wilson venue in Pittsburgh for the performing arts. Phone: (518) 358-2272 Fax: (518) 358-3203, Saint Regis Mohawk Health Service In 1989 the company acquired an interest in the Fata European Group in Italy, a company with strong ties to and business experience in Eastern Bloc countries. Modernization of its plants continued with the construction of a new 120-metric-ton-per-year facility at the company's Baie Comeau, Quebec, smelter, along with expansion and modernization of other company plants in Western Australia, Texas, and Louisiana. In 1946, the company leased, then purchased six government-owned production plants, and by doing so doubled its production capacity. As part of this role, he oversaw the Alcoa Foundation, one of the largest corporate foundations in the U.S. During his Alcoa career, Roy has held a variety of operating and financial assignments across the U.S., Europe and Latin America. In 2010, he was named Corporate Finance Manager in Sao Paulo, leading the corporate controllership, corporate treasury, capital expenditure and internal control areas for Latin America and Caribbean region. Reynolds Group Holdings is an American packaging company with roots in the former Reynolds Metals Company, which was the second-largest aluminum company in the United States, and the third-largest in the world. A century later, 2017-T4 is still used for aircraft sheet and plate. Prior to the separation of Alcoa Inc. into two companies, Molly was Director, Global Shared Services Strategy and Solutions. Though known for most of its post-war existence as Reynolds Metals, the plant was owned by Alcoa at both the beginning and the end of its sixty-year life. Renato Bacchi is Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy and Innovation Officer and focuses on developing and overseeing the execution of strategies to support Alcoas vision to reinvent the aluminum industry for a sustainable future and the Companys innovations and technologies, including the Companys Technical Research Center for research and development activities. Alcoa is the largest aluminum company in the United States and the world. I am very grateful for your help.-- Gary Biviano, VP/Lead on the Alcoa/Reynolds Merger Communications Team. Prior to the separation of Alcoa Inc. into two separate companies in 2016, Renato was Assistant Treasurer of Alcoa. In 2007, he became plant manager for the San Ciprin smelter in Spain, and a year later he was named Director of Finance and Business Integration for GPP Europe. She joined Vista Metals in 2015 and was responsible for strategic planning, business development, finance, accounting, and metal risk management for the company. Reynolds also produces plastic products which are primarily used in its packaging and consumer products businesses. Metals Prior to merging with Alcoa in 2000, Reynolds Metal stood as the third largest aluminum company in the world, and wielded major brand recognition among consumers for its main foil product, Reynolds Wrap. . Reynolds Wrap was first made by a Reynolds Metals Company division, Reynolds Packaging, a business created to supply aluminum foil for packaging tobacco. Reynolds Metals Company is the world's third largest aluminum and packaging company. Presto produced a full range of plastic bags and wraps for both indoor and outdoor use, including freezer, sandwich, and food storage bags, along with a line of moist paper tissues and cotton swabs. Alcoa is a major producer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combined, through its active and growing participation in all major aspects of the industry: technology . The Company serves customers in the aluminum fabricating, packaging and consumer, commercial construction, distribution, and . under which this service is provided to you. Renato joined Alcoa Inc. in 1997 in So Paulo (Brazil). In addition to responsibility for global treasury activities, Renato also had accountability for Alcoas Corporate Development function, which included evaluating the best uses of the companys capital, sourcing and executing transactions on acquisitions, divestitures and joint ventures. What Reynolds' shareholders . Reynolds's research had helped develop technology for the manufacture of aluminum automobile drive shafts and radiators. Alcoa Recycling Company is incorporated to support the companys goal of enhancing sustainability by increasing its recycling activity. Molly is a seasoned financial executive having worked in strategic positions that require a combination of technical accounting, process improvement and technology expertise. Uncover why Reynolds Metals/Alcoa is the best company for you. Their plan did not work. Built 65years ago, is a Modernist building designed by the architect Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. All rights reserved. In addition, the company has a metal supply system with operations in bauxite mining, alumina refining, and primary and reclaimed aluminum production. Aluminum bottles are unbreakable, keep beer colder longer, look better and recycle better than glass containers. From November 2016 to November 2019, Renato was Vice President and Treasurer. Reynolds, Jr. was named the company's new president in 1948. Aug. 31, 2011. Hart later closed five other plants within Reynolds. He later moved to Brazil as casthouse manager in the So Luis smelter and then as the plant controller. . The resulting lower manufacturing costs allowed the company to undersell its competitors by several cents per pound, ensuring the company's share of the growing market. At the time, most foil was manufactured in tall, multi-storied buildings. . Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5858 Her career with Alcoa spanned over a decade, with various leadership roles including Vice President of Alcoa Materials Management where she led all commercial aspects of Alcoas European primary aluminum business. 22% of Reynolds Metals Company employees are women, while 78% are men. Today, crews are razing buildings to prepare the property for development. ("McCook") commenced an action against Alcoa, Inc., a competitor of McCook in the manufacture and sale of commercial aircraft wing components, in the Northern District of Illi- nois.In that action, McCook alleged that Alcoa interfered with McCook's customer contracts and prospective business advantage in violation of state law, that Alcoa monopolized the relevant . HAL. Northwest Alloys does not produce aluminum in Longview. R.S. Reynolds closed the 1950s with a move to a new, modern corporate headquarters in suburban Richmond, Virginia. He is also a Director of Alcoa Corporation. 700 0 obj <>stream Like most U.S. industrial giants, Reynolds lost sales in the recession of the early 1980s. The Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters is an International Style building complex set in a composed landscape near Richmond, Virginia, completed in 1958. . 12/31/1982. Alcoa has acquired 25 companies. One market that did show promise, though, was bridge deck replacement, and in 1996 Reynolds renovated the Corbin suspension bridge in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. Large quantities of wastes were generated by the plant during the production of aluminum. Reflecting heat and keeping foods cooler and fresher, Alcoa introduces aluminum foil to America. Aluminaut's assistance enabled Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to continue operating its submersible. Reynolds later expanded into non aluminum products such as plastics and precious metals, introducing Reynolds Plastic Wrap in 1982. filed: august 10, 1946 aluminum and aluminum alloys in rolled, cast, extruded, and forged state owned by: reynolds metals company serial number: 71507218. reynolds pak. Around this time, 30,000 workers were employed by Reynolds Metals. Bill serves on the Board of Directors of the National Association of Manufacturers, the largest industrial trade association in the U.S. and the nations most influential advocate for manufacturing. PRovoke Media picks out 15 people from the marketing communications and PR worlds who are worth keep Three years of dramatic instability suggested a more downbeat Davos, but public relations pros will Intelligence and insight from across the PR world. Portions of the site were contaminated by these activities. Previously at Alcoa Inc., Bill served as Chief Operating Officer for Alcoa Global Primary Products (GPP) responsible for day-to-day operations of its five businesses mining, refining, smelting, casting and energy. In 2007, Renato joined Brazil Treasury, where he designed and implemented the funding strategy for the Alumar expansion and the Juruti mining projects. Roy graduated with honors from The Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, simultaneously earning masters degrees in International Business and Corporate Finance as a fellow of the Lauder Institute International MBA program, and holds a bachelors degree in Mining Engineering from Columbia University. She also served as Director, Global Procurement Center of Excellence and earlier was Manager, North America Financial Accounting Services. In 1981, the company expanded its recycling capacity with two more facilities. A total of 4 acquisitions came from private equity firms. Today, we are the right company at the right time. He has deep experience leading Alcoas finance function, having overseen for treasury, pension, tax, controllership, financial planning and analysis, audit, investor relations and transformation. Alcoa Inc., the world's largest aluminum concern, cleared U.S. and European antitrust hurdles and completed its acquisition of Reynolds Metals Co., the world's third-largest aluminum company, in a . ALCOA CORPORATION (Delaware (US), 10 Mar 2016 - ) The company is first incorporated as The Pittsburgh Reduction Company and opens a pilot production facility on Smallman Street. Messages focused on the strengths, histories and values of both companies, and included prepared articles for use in plant publications, to customizable letters for community leaders. 9 hO. There are 41 other people named George Cain on AllPeople. In 1990 Reynolds recycled 438 million pounds of consumer-generated aluminum scrap, paying out $123 million to the recycling public. Designs included "Birds and Bees" for baby showers, "Born Lucky, Born Rich" for birthdays, and "Flight of Fancy" for weddings or Christmas. Led by legendary CEO Paul ONeill, Alcoa launches best-in-class safety effort aimed at zero workplace injuries. Union employees with fixed compensation contracts did receive incentive compensation. Roy joined Alcoa in 2002 as a business analyst for GPP in Knoxville, Tennessee. The city of Cornwall, Ontario, is two miles north of the facility, and the . By 1990, the company included production plants throughout the country including a facility in Washington and mining operations throughout the world. Reynolds Metals was acquired by Alcoa in June 2000. With Audi's all-aluminum A8, aluminum reaches its full potential to reduce weight, reduce emissions and boost performance. 3/1/1942. Video Vision Camera crews filmed Day One events, enabling Ketchum to generate managed media coverage and produce a merger video that was distributed for employee screenings.Its a WrapFull-page advertisements celebrating the merger were placed in media outlets that would reach analysts, investors, shareholders and employees, including The New York Timesand The Wall Street Journal. Earlier, she served as Director, Organizational Effectiveness, developing comprehensive organizational change strategies to enable successful execution of the business strategy and change programs. in tight supply, and the price has nearly doubled since last year. During Mr. ONeills 13-year tenure at Alcoa, the number of lost work days per 100 employees fell to 0.2 from 1.86. Alcoa bought the Reynolds Metals Co. and its Longview aluminum plant, located west of Longview, in 2000. The company has developed new process technologies in aluminum-lithium casting, electromagnetic casting, and various techniques in automation. Employee concerns and questions were anticipated and answered by key communicators or via e-mail19 advertisements in local newspapers delivered messages to residents in plant communities. By the end of World War II, Reynolds had increased the company's production capacity to more than 450 million pounds. After 128 years of operating as a vertically integrated company, Alcoa separates its mining/refining/smelting and power businesses (retaining the name "Alcoa") from its fabrication businesses that became known as "Arconic.". Alcoa successfully completes the installation of press filtration technology for bauxite residue at its Poos de Caldas refinery in Brazil. More than 9 million readers saw advertisements in the Wall St Journal, USA Today and other media.No matter how many balls I tossed into the air, they were always caught. Messages focused on the strengths, histories and values of both companies, and included prepared articles for use in plant publications, to customizable letters for community leaders. From June 2014 to October 2015, Roy was Executive Vice President, Human Resources, Environment, Health & Safety and Sustainability. As demand for the new metal grows, Alcoa moves its operations from Pittsburgh to nearby New Kensington, where it scales up to produce aluminum ingots as well as fabricated aluminum products. The company also announced that employment would once again be reduced by 12 percent to cut costs. Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. From 2008 to 2010, he was General Counsel of Alcoa of Australia located in Perth, Australia. Other end-uses for Reynolds products are aluminum beverage cans, flexible and foodservice packaging, consumer home food managment, transportation, building, and construction. AZ USA. learn how over 7,000 companies got started! Crews on Monday work along Industrial Way near Northwest Alloys. The following year, Reynolds ventured outside the United States for the first time by opening a foil production plant in Havana. As a reflection of the recessionary times, salaries were frozen and salaried employees were not given pay raises. and/or its affiliates. Found 91 colleagues at Reynolds Metals Co Inc. Here's a rundown on a combined Alcoa-Reynolds Metals and the terms of Alcoa's agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice. Prior to joining Alcoa, Jeff worked in a private practice as a litigation associate. In addition to its capital investment program, the company expanded its research-and-development efforts. In the early 1980s, David Reynolds and William Bourke, a former Ford Motor Company vice president and now Reynolds's chairman and CEO, realized that Reynolds's upstream costs--for mining, smelting, and refining--were cutting into downstream profits on finished goods, like aluminum foil and cans. HAL. [11][12] Making extensive use of aluminum, down to threads in the carpeting, it is now owned by the University of Richmond and serves as the worldwide headquarters of Altria Group. She previously served as Director of Communications, Global Primary Products for Alcoa Inc., where she directed public affairs, media relations, crisis communication, and stakeholder engagement. He was Chief Operating Officer for GPP, where he focused on the day-to-day operations of Alcoa's mining, refining, smelting, castings and energy businesses. Dating back to 1886, we launched an industry with our world-changing discovery that made aluminum an affordable and vital part of modern life. Reynolds, nephew of the tabacco giant R. J. Reynolds, in Louisville, Kentucky. Today, we are the right company at the right time. Kelly began her aluminum career at Reynolds Metals in 1999, later acquired by Alcoa Inc. Cable News Network. 2 * McCook Metals L.L.C. Kristin Gaines, Western U.S. director of transformation for Alcoa, said she is hopeful cleanup will start in 2023, but the wait does not prevent the site from being developed or leased today. By providing your email address, you are providing consent to Alcoa to send you the requested Investor Email Alert updates. Alcoa charters a new development organization: Alcoa Foundation. In line with its commitment to recycling, Reynolds set a long-term goal of recycling more plastics each year than it produces. Alcoa will have to sell I. 1978) June 6, 1978. Since launching the industry, Alcoan innovations have changed how we live. In May 1988 Reynolds acquired Presto Products, Inc., a $200-million-a-year producer of plastic bags. Reynolds looked into new products and areas of manufacturing to redeploy its assets, seeking businesses that would provide higher profits and faster growth than those of aluminum. At Alcoa, we believe our legacy is our call to action. The statistics refers to days lost due to workplace injury or illness. Dow Jones: The Dow Jones branded indices are proprietary to and are calculated, distributed and marketed by DJI Opco, a subsidiary of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and have been licensed for use to S&P Opco, LLC and CNN. The site received 20,702 total hits, registering orders for or downloads of more than 10,000 brochures, 3,700 wallet cards, 2,700 posters, 47 printer-ready CDs in 11 different languages, and 200 employee videos.Objective 2 - Communicate value and benefits of merger to both internal and external stakeholders.Key messages stressing the mergers benefits were delivered via the Intranet to 125,000 employees within hours. Tammi is also a member of the Alcoa Executive Team, responsible for setting the strategic direction for the Company. In 1995, NYSDEC issued a ROD amendment calling for off-site disposal of highly contaminated soils and sediments and on-site disposal of lesser contaminated soils and sediments. Six months later, the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) produced the first lightweight metal at the plant that would be used to fabricate World War II airplanes. Initially, the new company supplied lead and tin foil wrappers to cigarette and candy companies. Alex Murdaugh Receives Life Sentence: What Happens Now? In 1994, Reynolds purchased the aluminum and stainless steel products distribution business of Prime Metals. Reynolds Metals created the first high-speed, gravure-printed foil, aluminum bottle labels, heat-sealed foil bags for foods and foil-laminated building insulation paper. hb```f``d$30 P(q4$@6gFU+ The new units were packaging and consumer products, construction and distribution, transportation, metals and carbon products, bauxite and alumina, and cans. Reynolds Metals Superfund Site (Alcoa East) The Reynolds Metals Corporation (RMC) Site includes a portion of the St. Lawrence River that borders the RMC facility, The recently-shuttered RMC aluminum production plant is located on the St. Lawrence River, approximately eight miles east of the village of Massena, New York. Get all the articles, experts, jobs, and insights you need. Ancient Antioch Survived Many Disasters in Its 2,400 YearsTurkeys Earthquake Obliterated It, How Gas From Texas Becomes Cooking Fuel in France, Opinion: Common Sense Points to a Lab Leak, Opinion: Yes, Theres a Housing Crisis. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. Free and open company data on Delaware (US) company REYNOLDS METALS COMPANY, LLC (company number 240111) Learn how to leverage transparent company data at scale. Why Barnes & Noble Is Copying Local Bookstores It Once Threatened, What Floridas Dying Oranges Tell Us About How Commodity Markets Work, Alex Murdaugh Sentenced to Life in Prison, Watch: Retired Army Col. Paris Davis Awarded Medal of Honor. We are delighted that you'd like to resume your subscription. HW. Half the land will be preserved as open space. However, decline for beer beverage cans was continuing, and another can-making plant was closed in Fulton, New York. Jeff is a member of Alcoas Executive Team, which sets strategy for the Company. Efforts were slated to start in 2019, but the pandemic partly slowed the process, Bennett said. By repurposing military by-products into consumer goods, aluminum was now being marketed for its decorative appeal as well, creating a product of both functional and eye-catching qualities. Later, the company produced aluminum vehicle parts and hull submarines. The company recycles more cans than it produces. Reynolds's 25% interest in a Washington smelter and all of Reynolds's 71 Margaret Terrance Memorial Way NEW YORK (CNNfn) - Alcoa Inc. Thursday won the battle to acquire Reynolds Metals Co. for $5.8 billion in stock and debt, but the war may be far from over. With the end of World War II, the company focused its direction on consumer goods and construction. Alcoa expands the Sustana line of products with the introduction of EcoSource, the industrys first low-carbon, smelter-grade alumina brand. In this role, Jeff has overall responsibility for Alcoas legal, compliance, and governance matters globally. The most common ethnicity at Reynolds Metals Company is White (65%). Northwest Alloys.
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