Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries " [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship. Various forms of dictatorship have been a context in which social and behavioral sciences (SBS) have been developing through most of the twentieth century. While Latin America, Asia, and Africa were already dictatorship countries, they differed from the dictatorships formed in what became known as the Eastern Bloc. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". That said, there are two important differences between dictatorships and autocracies. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. In 1989, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and communism was abandoned by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe through a series of revolutions. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. [107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Chad. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. Among Africans past and present, you'll find a smattering of dictatorships. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Monarchies: 3. The . Power is enforced through a steadfast collaboration between the government and a highly developed ideology. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. China - Communist Regime 4. Factions or divisions among the elites will mitigate their ability to bargain with the dictator, resulting in the dictator having more unrestrained power. [132] Foreign intervention takes place when another country seeks to topple a regime by invading the country or supporting the opposition. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. Examples of Fascism. Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. [48], An absolute monarchy is a monarchy in which the monarch rules without legal limitations. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009. [according to whom? Another controversial dictator is General Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) of Chile. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. [67] In Europe it was often thought of in terms of Bonapartism and Caesarism, with the former describing the military rule of Napoleon and the latter describing the imperial rule of Napoleon III in the vein of Julius Caesar. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. On a similar note, a dictatorship's regular citizens have no voice in most matters. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. Italy's Mussolini. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. Answer (1 of 9): Depends on what you mean by left-wing. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. To enact policy, a dictator must either appease the regime's elites or attempt to replace them. At the onset of the so-called "third wave" of democracy in 1978, the only democratic regimes were Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. 1. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. ", "The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. North Korea - One man Dictatorship 2. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. The dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. Latin America experienced a dramatic political change in the last quarter of the twentieth century. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. African Dictators Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. [129], Several factors determine the stability of a dictatorship, and they must maintain some degree of popular support to prevent resistance groups from growing. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. ", "Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship", "The many Robespierres from 1794 to the present", "A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917", "The Age of the Caudillos: A Chapter in Hispanic American History", "Europe Will be a Fascist Europe: July 1934May 1936", "African military coups d'tat, 19562001: frequency, trends and distribution", "From Protest to Change of Regime: The 419 Revolt and The Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea*", "The waning of the military coup in Arab politics", "Introduction: Studying Communist Dictatorships: From Comparative to Transnational History", "Military Coups and Military Rule in Latin America", "Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58", "The Predicament of Europe's 'Last Dictator', "The Kremlin Emboldened: How Putin Wins Support", "The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia's Nightmare Dressed Like a Daydream", "Biden suggests Putin is a 'dictator' who has committed 'genocide half a world away', "EIU Democracy Index 2020 - World Democracy Report", "5. Current Heads of State & Dictators - Planet Rulers, President Faustin Archange Touadera of the, President Flix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of. Albania - Communist Regime 3. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. Personalist dictatorships are more common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to less established institutions in the region. the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be preserved in the socialist countries to assure that the reeducated minds of the workers already lucky enough to live under socialism were not re-infected by capitalist ideas coming in from outside the people's collectivist . [1]:70. Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. Rwanda - 1994 to present - Paul Kagame. He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Poverty has a destabilizing effect on government, causing democracy to fail and regimes to fall more often. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. Military dictatorship: 2. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. First is that an autocracy nearly always focuses power in a single individual person, whereas dictatorshipssingle-party dictatorships in particularsometimes spread the power throughout a small group of people (say, the leaders of the dictator's political party). Despite repeated promises to leave office in 2024 (when his term limit is reached), Putin spearheaded a 2020 constitutional amendment enabling him to remain in power until 2036. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. Between 1950 and 2016, one-party dictatorships made up 57% of authoritarian regimes in the world,[26] and one-party dictatorships have continued to expand more quickly than other forms of dictatorship in the latter half of the 20th century. * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. Charles Taylor Country: Liberia Charles McArthur Ghanakay Taylor's life story is akin to that of a movie. The legislature must be popularly elected. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. A dictator has the ability to make decisions that will have an impact on the people in many ways, and the worse part is, the people do not consent to being ruled. [8]:455 Some countries (such as Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Israel) require that the vote of no confidence also specify who is going to replace the sitting government to minimize the time without an interim government, essentially replacing one government with another. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Political control is any tactic through which the state seeks to gain compliance from society. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. [7] The opposition can be an external group, or it can also include current and former members of the dictator's inner circle. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. They are often characterized by their use of violence and repression to maintain power. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. Democracies can be either parliamentary, semi-presidential, or presidential and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Abstract. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support.
Hosa International Leadership Conference 2021 Results, Is Poetry Foundation A Reliable Source, John Burroughs School Acceptance Rate, West Covina Mugshots, Duke Self Guided Tour Map, Articles L