As noted by Durham, Fusion GPSs role was not to assist Perkins Coie or Hillary for America with legal matters, but rather to generate and disseminate opposition research on Trump to the media and others. Learn more. 3. Zack Smith. As reported in the Wall Street Journal, in 2016, Galkina was a press secretary to Aleksej Gubarev, a Russian Internet entrepreneur living in Cyprus.REF In early 2016, Galkina travelled to Washington, D.C., in an effort to develop a marketing campaign for Servers.com, one of Gubarevs business interests. He produced his famous and highly controversial Report on the Affairs of British North America (also known as the Durham Report) after a short stay in the region. Durhams indictment of Michael Sussmann and other court filings reveal how senior members of Hillary Clintons 2016 presidential campaign formed a joint venture with lawyers, opposition researchers, foreign nationals, and computer data analysts to produce false opposition research against then-candidate Donald Trump and aggressively disseminated that disinformation to reporters, the FBI, and others. 0000017586 00000 n TTY/ASCII/TDD: 800-877-8339. Washington DC 20530, Contact the Department Special Counsels Office This led to the Act of Union, 1840. 1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:: v.: Criminal Case No. "Banishment to Bermuda: Gender, Race, Empire, Independence and the Struggle to Abolish Irresponsible Government in Lower Canada. z($Pl4p7QG5P/XB0hY,@b5=!p1 h?^$.m]rV26xj# ynMpOY]whozF- ;4#Jo}) pQyas&f|_B\e"HM3U? HT0|+c+oXZMV? xkoF~h V^K]>d9E_;;Qe@dr_33;o6xf~ z>-7x6.gQ*Qfy~?"yp:?rP("+'9D* *\>Vi~4IcT;/fl*ly"RgST*U>zXI$)Yjp%f f52]%$MLKR8l^W+IJI 0000003066 00000 n Report all fires and smoke to Duke University Police Department by dialing 911 from any campus phone. %PDF-1.7 In the event that there are fees, I would be grateful if you would inform me of the total charges in advance of fulfilling my request. On the first page of his report he stated that "[w]hile the present state of things is allowed to last, the actual inhabitants of these Provinces have no security for person or propertyno enjoyment of what they possessno stimulus to industry. There is some indication that Clinton knew of and approved the campaign. Please do not reply to this e-mail, as this account is not monitored. The requested documents will be made available to the general public, and this request is not being made for commercial purposes. Select the All Archive Items drop down or use the search feature to access older documents. 0000004842 00000 n The second major component of Hillary for Americas disinformation campaign was its effort to smear then-candidate Trump with a false allegation that the Trump organization had a secret channel of communication with Alfa-Bank, the largest private bank in Russia. Durham knew how to organize support in Upper Canada. 0000009481 00000 n He was interested in not only unifying Upper and Lower Canada but also including Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Responsible government was only granted to these colonies after 1848.[13]. 0000004612 00000 n endstream endobj 74 0 obj <>stream Lord Durham believed that, to eliminate the possibility of rebellions, French Canadians had to adopt British-Canadian culture and the English language. "Histoire de la rsistance du Canada au gouvernement anglais", in, This page was last edited on 13 December 2022, at 11:26. II. Durham Report In 1838, the British politician Lord Durham was sent to British North America to investigate the causes of the rebellions of 1837-38 in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. His Report contained many inaccuracies about Upper Canada and was bitterly resented in Lower Canada for its unsympathetic view of French Canadians. Trump had hoped that Durham would deliver a report before the 2020 election that could help Trump's campaign. The Report on the Affairs of British North America,[1] (1839) commonly known as the Durham Report or Lord Durham's Report, is an important document in the history of Quebec, Ontario, Canada and the British Empire. Indeed, Fusion GPSs office in Washington, D.C., became something of a public reading room for journalists who were looking for information about Trump.REF According to published reports, Glenn Simpson and Peter Fritsch aggressively shopped the false opposition research: Fusion GPS pressured reporters at several media outlets to publish the false Alfa-Bank disinformation. The notable British Whig politician John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, was sent to the Canadas in 1838 to investigate and report on the causes of the rebellions of 183738. How Durham County Council is addressing the gender pay gap.. 10 3 0 obj Durham's investigation is still active and is presenting evidence to a grand jury. DA Deberry will present the 2021 Annual Report virtually on Wednesday, February 16, at 6 p.m. Members of the public can view the presentation and submit questions on the Durham DA's Office . The Report was highly controversial. Other key witnesses, such as Rodney Joffe, have asserted their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination to avoid providing information to Durham and his investigators. That has been irrevocably done; and the experiment of depriving the people of their present constitutional power, is not to be thought of. Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General. 170/03. Durhams indictment of Danchenko shows that other significant parts of the Steele Dossiersuch as the allegation that Trump lawyer Michael Cohen travelled to Prague to meet with Russian conspiratorswere invented by Olga Galkina, a Russian national living in Cyprus who had ambitions of joining the State Department under Hillary Clinton if she won the presidential election. The full story of the Clinton campaigns corrupt joint venture may only come to light if and when Durham releases a final report at the conclusion of his investigation. The primary component of Hillary for Americas disinformation campaign was its effort to smear then-candidate Trump with false reports that he was conspiring with the Kremlin to help him win the 2016 electionthe so-called Steele Dossier assembled by a former British spy and funded by the Hillary Clinton campaign. "Lord Durham and the British Background of His Report. The report did not see any of its recommendations come into force in the African and Asian colonies, but some limited democratic reforms in India became possible that otherwise would not have been. According to the Durham investigation, with the active participation of Michael Sussmann of Perkins Coie, a group of computer researchers cooked up phony Internet server data in an attempt to create an inference of secret communications and create a narrative regarding Trump.REF, April Tea Leaves Lorenzen. The Durham investigation indicates a coordinated effort by the Clinton campaign to disseminate false allegations against Donald Trump to win the 2016 election. 0000093522 00000 n In a September 2016 e-mail to a Russian associate, Galkina stated that Dolan would take me to the State Department if Hillary wins.REF, According to Danchenkos interviews with the FBI, Galkina was a fount of information on the Trump campaigns ties to the Kremlin. 0000004382 00000 n 6 the [legal] profession and that legal proceedings appear fair to all who observe them.'" Id. The two Canadas were subsequently merged into a single colony, the Province of Canada, in the 1840 Act of Union. In the long run, it advanced democracy and played a central role in the evolution of Canada's political independence from Britain.[3]. <> The indictment states that Sussmann met with Baker at FBI headquarters on September 19, 2016 (less than two months before the presidential election), and presented him with data files and three white papers purporting to show a secret channel of communications between Internet servers belonging to the Trump organization and Alfa-Bank.REF (It turns out that the Internet server in question did not belong to the Trump organization, but rather had been administered by a mass marketing email company that sent advertisements for Trump hotels and hundreds of other clients.)REF, During his meeting with Baker, Sussmann allegedly told Baker that he (Sussmann) was not acting on behalf of any client, which led Baker to believe that Sussmann was acting as a good citizennot as a paid advocate or political operative.REF The indictment further alleges Sussmann was, in fact, acting on behalf of two clientsHillary for America and Rodney Joffe, an executive at Neustar, Inc., a Virginia-based Internet company.REF. H|Tn@}WOgRU KYdKP&m&% ^\o8"e;e8zEqunc{fq'VcLpHAkl\8+"/{vyX3*NHF_Y>Eq$p]G}W "=D_f~=1+7r0+KStvf^o+#<2P ~.4$!/WNSj@(\uX;|(" ZsCj/~>y>h*)au@8B/~lv[yei(+Y-rXG(Rp4X6)-dQ_@n+pk9"Z.;X@v*{0EpdC{dBBUnDkT The entire mistrust which the two races have thus learned to conceive of each other's intentions, induces them to put the worst construction on the most innocent conduct; to judge every word, every act, and every intention unfairly; to attribute the most odious designs, and reject every overture of kindness or fairness, as covering secret designs of treachery and malignity. This Annual Report for the calendar year 2022 is designed to inform you about your drinking water system. @B@1a`6@6Fy KLG.0.`aS T: # mzXL-;?A(3| FbJLKX?%=Thpia`x@Q{AA!Q%*i@>q@a;jsv|}\: 0 endstream endobj 733 0 obj 498 endobj 684 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 680 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS2 693 0 R /CS3 689 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 723 0 R /GS3 724 0 R >> /Font << /TT5 688 0 R /TT6 690 0 R /TT7 695 0 R /TT8 697 0 R /C2_1 709 0 R /TT9 708 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 715 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] >> /Contents [ 699 0 R 701 0 R 703 0 R 705 0 R 711 0 R 713 0 R 716 0 R 729 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 /Annots 685 0 R >> endobj 685 0 obj [ 686 0 R 687 0 R ] endobj 686 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 271.79999 278.55609 388.00562 294.32385 ] /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /H /I /A 730 0 R /StructParent 1 >> endobj 687 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 264.05994 95.13617 416.72458 110.90393 ] /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /H /I /A 731 0 R /StructParent 2 >> endobj 688 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 146 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 0 333 250 278 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 333 0 0 0 0 500 0 722 0 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 0 778 667 944 722 778 611 0 722 556 667 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /JCKDBC+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 694 0 R >> endobj 689 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 690 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 116 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 250 0 500 500 0 0 500 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 889 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 333 500 556 278 0 500 0 0 556 500 0 0 0 0 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /JCKDDM+TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic /FontDescriptor 691 0 R >> endobj 691 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 98 /FontBBox [ -547 -307 1206 1032 ] /FontName /JCKDDM+TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic /ItalicAngle -15 /StemV 133 /FontFile2 718 0 R >> endobj 692 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /JCKDGH+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 720 0 R >> endobj 693 0 obj [ /ICCBased 722 0 R ] endobj 694 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2034 1026 ] /FontName /JCKDBC+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 719 0 R >> endobj 695 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 226 /Widths [ 250 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 0 0 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 0 944 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 444 444 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /JCKDGH+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 692 0 R >> endobj 696 0 obj 539 endobj 697 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 146 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 250 0 500 500 0 0 500 0 0 0 500 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 611 667 722 611 0 0 0 333 0 0 556 833 667 722 0 0 611 0 556 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 278 0 444 278 722 500 500 500 0 389 389 278 500 444 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /JCKDJD+TimesNewRoman,Italic /FontDescriptor 698 0 R >> endobj 698 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 98 /FontBBox [ -498 -307 1120 1023 ] /FontName /JCKDJD+TimesNewRoman,Italic /ItalicAngle -15 /StemV 83.31799 /FontFile2 727 0 R >> endobj 699 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 696 0 R >> stream From: Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Subject: Acknowledgement Letter (8.2.21).pdf. 0000017026 00000 n Much remains to be uncovered, exposed, and proven by Durham. hAk0a(NHpvYJ'!3CE=}3s`. "X $d,r\oor%]wz]r= Vo Dq/ The assertion that the so-called "French" Canadians had no history and no culture and that the conflict was primarily that of two ethnic groups evidently outraged Papineau. Vjsc27v4gO* yZt3?U{ 'K@ 6 6xts~zAMGXwtTf. 0000007240 00000 n 0000008520 00000 n Adobe Reader may be required to view some documents. Lord Durham was sent back to Canada in 1838 by British Parliament and the Crown to investigate the cause behind the rebellions of both Upper and Lower Canada and propose suggestions to fix any remaining problems and lessen the chance of future rebellions. 0000106946 00000 n According to Durham, the French culture in Canada had changed little in 200 years and showed no sign of the progress that British culture had made. 4. Durham CAN's Strategy Team met 2021, like many of CAN's institutions, by continuing to adapt in the face of the pandemic while simultaneously "dis-organizing and re-organizing" CAN for a new season of leadership. Washington, D.C. U.S. 0000002513 00000 n It is one thing to dredge up a political candidates youthful indiscretions or shady financial dealings, but it is quite another to invent and fabricate sensational allegations, present them to the FBI as fact, and serve them to a willing media in the weeks before Election Day. Whatever Durham uncovers, the Clinton campaignincluding Hillary Clinton and her foreign policy advisor, Jake Sullivantouted the fabricated Alfa-Bank allegation in the days leading up to the 2016 election. and Mr. 0000009819 00000 n Phone: 202-514-2000 It moved Canada slowly on the path to "responsible government" (that is, self-government), which took a decade. Olga Galkina. o1.J,s/aQ)Xd6! 86 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<941EA52D12A78343B6ADFE423C199631>]/Index[68 26]/Info 67 0 R/Length 86/Prev 360930/Root 69 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream In this season of internal change and leadership development, CAN continued to . In 1840, the population of Canada East was estimated at 670,000, while the population of Canada West was estimated to be 480,000. ", New, Chester. David Mills, Richard Foot, and Andrew McIntosh, Carol Wilton, "'A Firebrand amongst the People': The Durham Meetings and Popular Politics in Upper Canada. % He believed as those ideas were already available to the people and understood, nothing less would be accepted or tolerated and so it must be embraced to satisfy the people and maintain the peace: "establishing a representative government in the North American Colonies. The actions alleged in these indictments should be condemned so that they are never repeated by any political campaign in the future. Hl y9JsLJ=T=Tm/1'`|3?7!IcT o|0E5ixuVLI u4As+dQ 8yAO! The newly created Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada was required to have equal representation from Canada East and Canada West,[14] even though the population of Canada East was considerably larger. Legal Fellow and Manager, Meese Center for Legal Studies. Analysis of Durham County Council's data 7 4. In 2016, Danchenko was a salaried employee of Orbis Business Intelligence, and was the primary source of information that formed the core of the allegations found in the Steele Dossier.REF Danchenko was interviewed on multiple occasions by the FBI in 2017 and allegedly told multiple lies during those interviews. On October 31, 2016, one week before Election Day, Sullivan hyped the false Alfa-Bank disinformation in a press release. As well as increased political tension and bitterness between parties and races of people, particularly in Lower Canada. His team drew upon a long tradition of petitioning and the example of political activism in Britain. DurhamExecutiveSummary.pdf View Embed Download From: Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General 08/03/2021 Subject: Acknowledgement Letter (8.2.21).pdf Portal Attached is correspondence from the Department of Justice's Office of Information Policy, which is associated with the above-referenced Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. \_2qiWo|K{mBh You had assigned it reference number #FOIA-2021-01633. :5O\" ARVER3Dil4@{:F=C,H)X;LS'Pk&mJtNOFw_W:U3!Q#J 2h0"'}_hD2 \ The report was entitled "Report on the Affairs of British North America". 68 0 obj <> endobj Millian was essentially Igor Danchenkos deep throat sourcealthough in this instance, the source was entirely fabricated, according to Durhams indictment of Danchenko. Town of Durham 2022 Annual Report Permit Number GSM 000076 January 01, 2022 - December 31, 2022 Primary MS4 Contact: Wade M. Thomas, Nathan L. Jacobson & Associates, Inc., wthomas@nlja.com, 860.526.9591 This report documents Town of Durham's efforts to comply with the conditions of the MS4 General Permit to the maximum extent practicable MuckRock is a non-profit collaborative news site that gives you the tools to keep our government transparent and accountable. Foers article in Slate describes how Lorenzen began collecting Internet data on the Trump organization in late July 2016. One of this biggest of the campaign.REF, On October 31, 2016, one week prior to Election Day, Foer published an expansive 3,800-word article in Slate entitled, Was a Trump Server Communicating With Russia?REF Foers contemporaneous tweet promoting his article was less circumspect: I just reported: Donald Trump has a secret server[and] it connects to Moscow.REF. The full story may never be known. In mid-October, Fritsch e-mailed Mark Hosenball, a reporter at Reuters, to do the [expletive] alfa bank secret comms storyit is hugely important.REF Fritsch also pushed the Alfa-Bank story on Matthew Mosk at ABC News, telling him dude this is huge in an e-mail.REF, Fritsch found a more eager reporter in Franklin Foer of Slate. As part of Hillary for Americas disinformation campaign, Fusion GPS hired Steele and Orbis Business Intelligence (Steeles London-based firm) in June 2016 to investigate Trumps purported ties to Russia.REF In the months leading up to the election, Steele disseminated a steady stream of raw intelligence to the FBI, various media outlets, elected officials, and others. He also wanted to resolve the issue of land over Prince Edward Island, but those suggestions failed to come to fruition since the Maritime Provinces were then uninterested. lm@Z 31(`w} CM ,Y\ y gg` In exile in France, Louis-Joseph Papineau published the Histoire de la rsistance du Canada au gouvernement anglais (History of the resistance of Canada to the English government) in the French La Revue du Progrs in May 1839. After the Upper and Lower Canada rebellions of 1837, Lord Durham was sent from England to investigate the cause of the unrest. Pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, I hereby request the following records: A copy of the Durham's Report Executive Summary that was provided to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) by letter dated May 07, 2018 from the Office of the Assistant Attorney General and enclosed as a copy to this request. Durhams investigation has revealed that Sullivan and other senior members of Hillary for America were aware of the Alfa-Bank disinformation well before the Slate article was published on October 31. Washington, D.C. 20530, Russian National Indicted for Making False Statements to the FBI, November 4, 2021, Grand Jury Indicts D.C. Attorney with Making False Statements to the FBI in 2016 Regarding Alleged Communications Between Trump Organization and Russian Bank, September 16, 2021, U.S. Department of Justice It is very difficult to make out from the avowals of parties the real objects of their struggles, and still less easy is it to discover any cause of such importance as would account for its uniting any large mass of the people in an attempt to overthrow, by forcible means, the existing form of Government. : The Regional Municipality of Durham . Durham brought along a small but highly talented staff, most notably including Charles Buller and Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Steven Groves is Margaret Thatcher Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, at The Heritage Foundation. In June, it appeared in Canada in Ludger Duvernay's La Revue canadienne as Histoire de l'insurrection du Canada en rfutation du Rapport de Lord Durham (History of the insurrection of Canada in refutation of the Report of Lord Durham). endobj 10. Among the key takeaways from the Durham investigation: The Durham investigation has seemingly uncovered a coordinated effort by Hillary for America; the Perkins Coie law firm (a Washington, D.C.-based law firm that was retained by Hillary for America to represent the campaign during the 2016 election); strategic intelligence firm Fusion GPS; former British spy Christopher Steele of Orbis Business Intelligence; and various computer researchers based in Virginia, Rhode Island, and at Georgia Tech to generate false, misleading, and sometimes sensational allegations against then-candidate Donald Trump in an effort to win the 2016 presidential election. QC ,e "[11], "We are not now to consider the policy of establishing representative government in the North American Colonies. %PDF-1.6 % Overview 1.1 This report provides an overview of the current economic climate and Regional 4 0 obj Since the Court has an independent interest in investigating potential conflicts, see Wheat, 486 U.S. at 161, the Court retains "substantial latitude in refusing waivers of conflicts of hb```e``*b`a`Rcd@ AF~. There were extensive advance publicity and public processions to attract audiences for meetings. 1993 City Council Meeting Minutes: A briefing report was provided to the Environment and Sustainable Communities Overview and Scrutiny Committee (OSC) on the 11th April 2022 which updated Members on local air quality management across County Durham. H|n@)@EjTKiL%lkVC93y Durham also visited the United States and wrote that he had assumed that he would find that the rebellions had been based on liberalism and economics. The report provided. The complete report enti- tled "Soviet Active Measures in the Untied States 1986-87" follows my remarks. 0000011210 00000 n 2021 Action Report. Indeed, Brennan wrote in his briefing notes that on July 26, 2016, Clinton allegedly approved of a proposal from one of her foreign policy advisors to vilify Donald Trump by stirring up a scandal claiming interference by Russian security services.REF. endstream endobj 75 0 obj <>stream Indictments filed by Durham show that the Steele Dossier and Alfa-Bank allegations of a conspiracy between Trump and the Kremlin were entirely concocted. stream sJevR9/M+a$X;E$ fB#L4:4bl[GEj;_ px".crp VZClX#rBC+:@ 3EB@ XKQ, Justice.gov Special Counsel John Durham's Office Special Counsel John Durham About On October 19, 2020, John Durham was appointed by Attorney General William Barr to serve as the Special Counsel by the order below. Simpson and Fritsch did so both with regard to the Steele Dossier and the Alfa-Bank allegations, both of which have proven to be unsubstantiated, if not entirely fabricated. His report contains the famous assessment that Lower Canada had "two nations warring within the bosom of a single state.
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