By 1941, production of the Short Stirling Bomber and the Short Sunderland Flying Boat was underway. On Nov. 30, 1940, a lone Luftwaffe plane flew across the Ards Peninsula unobserved and reported back to Berlin. These figures are based on newspaper reports of the time, personal recollections and other primary sources, such as:- Rescue workers search through the rubble of Eglington Street in Belfast, Northern Ireland, after a German Luftwaffe air raid, 7 May 1941, Anna (left) and her husband Billy (back right) survived while Harriette, Dorothy and Billy were killed along with Dot and Isa, Dot and Isa, with Dorothy when she was a toddler, Royal Welch Fusiliers assist in clearing bomb damage in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 7 May 1941, Mapping the lives lost in the Belfast Blitz. Looking back on the Belfast Blitz, Oberleutnant Becker signed off with the following words: A war is the worst thing that can happen to Mankind. Anna and Billy were buried up their necks in sewage but were rescued and survived. I was definitely one of the first over the target and as I flew in there was no great defence because there were not a great many aircraft over the target at that point, recalled Becker. But the authorities were afraid that bombs might not be the. The winter of 193940 was severe, but the summer was pleasant, and in their leisure hours Londoners thronged the parks or worked in their gardens. In The Blitz: Belfast in the War Years, Brian Barton wrote: "Government Ministers felt with justification, that the Germans were able to use the unblacked out lights in the south to guide them to their targets in the North." Half of the city's housing was damaged over the course of all the raids. About 1,000 people were killed and bombs hit half of the houses in the city, leaving 100,000 people homeless. Between April 7 and May 6 of that year, Luftwaffe bombers unleashed death and destruction on the cities of Belfast, Bangor, Derry/Londonderry and Newtownards. Belfast's Albert Clock tower is sinking - it leans by four feet. As many as 5,000 people had packed into this network of underground tunnels, which was dangerously overcrowded, dirty, and dark. Around 20,000 people were employed on the site with 35,000 further along in the shipyard. Three nights later (April 1920) London was again subjected to a seven-hour raid, and the loss of life was considerable, especially among firefighters and the A.R.P. In early 1941 the Germans launched another wave of attacks, this time focusing on ports. Sir Basil Brooke, the Minister of Agriculture, was the only active minister. [26], Initial German radio broadcasts celebrated the raid. (Some authors count this as the second raid of four). [6] It was MacDermott who sent a telegram to de Valera seeking assistance. There is no slacking in our loyalty. Belfast, the city with the highest population density in the UK at the time, also had the lowest proportion of public air-raid shelters. This option had been forbidden by city officials, who feared that once people began sleeping in Underground stations, they would be reluctant to return to the surface and resume daily life. The Premier Online Military History Magazine, Re-printed with permission fromWartimeNI.com. The raids on London primarily targeted the Docklands area of the East End. On April 16 an attack even fiercer and more indiscriminate than those of the previous autumn started at 9:00 pm and continued until 5:00 the following morning; 500 aircraft were believed to have flown over in continuous waves, raining an estimated 450 tons of bombs across the city. Video, 00:00:51Australia's 'biggest drug bust' nets $700m of cocaine, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off. Death had to a certain extent been made decent. ", Dawson Bates informed the Cabinet of rack-renting of barns, and over thirty people per house in some areas.[24]. The A.R.P. [17] A stray bomber attacked Derry, killing 15. Of the churches, besides St. Pauls cathedral, where at one time were five unexploded bombs in the immediate vicinity and the roof of which was pierced by another that exploded and shattered the high altar to fragments, those damaged were Westminster abbey, St. Margarets Westminster, Southwark cathedral; fifteen Wren churches (including St. Author Lawrence H. Dawson detailed the damage to Londons historic buildings for the 1941 Britannica Book of the Year: The following curtailed list identifies some of the better known places in inner London that have been damaged by enemy action. It was not the first time the alarm had sounded to signify the presence of Luftwaffe bombers over the city. Another attacked Bangor, killing five. However Belfast was not mentioned again by the Nazis. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 2. No searchlights were set up in the city at the time, and these only arrived on 10 April. There [is] ground for thinking that the enemy could not easily reach Belfast in force except during a period of moonlight. By British mainland blitz standards, casualties were light. The first attack was against the city's waterworks, which had been attacked in the previous raid. Train after train and bus after bus were filled with those next in line. [13] However at the time Lord Craigavon, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland since its inception in 1921, said: "Ulster is ready when we get the word and always will be." Belfast was Ireland's industrial home, famous for tobacco, rope-making, linen, and ship-building, which made it the powerhouse it was. Sometimes they were trying establish a blockade by destroying shipping and port facilities, sometimes they were directly attacking Fighter Command ground installations, sometimes they were targeting aircraft factories, and sometimes they were attempting to engage Fighter Command in the skies. Barton insisted that Belfast was "too far north" to use radio guidance. Weighing 46,328 tonnes, Titanic was to be the largest manmade moveable object the world had ever seen. [citation needed]. workers. The attacks were authorized by Germanys chancellor, Adolf Hitler, after the British carried out a nighttime air raid on Berlin. No attendant nurse had soothed the last moments of these victims; no gentle reverent hand had closed their eyes or crossed their hands. Both planes quickly proved their mettle against German bombers, and Germanys best fighter, the Bf 109, was of limited use as an escort due to its relatively short operating range. Video, 00:01:37, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. The fourth and final Belfast raid took place on the following night, 56 May. 7. I felt outraged, I should have felt sympathy, grief, but instead feelings of revulsion and disgust assailed me. department distributed more than two million Anderson shelters (named after Sir John Anderson, head of the A.R.P.) [9], War materials and food were sent by sea from Belfast to Great Britain, some under the protection of the neutral Irish tricolour. Public buildings destroyed or badly damaged included Belfast City Hall's Banqueting Hall, the Ulster Hospital for Women and Children and Ballymacarrett library, (the last two being located on Templemore Avenue). VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. The Belfast blitz devastated a city that up until 1941 had remained unscathed during World War Two. continuous trek to railway stations. Three vessels nearing completion at Harland and Wolff's were hit as was its power station. Blitz Fibre UK Blitz Fibre UK Published Mar 1, 2023 + Follow Fact 1- Small but Mighty . The raid so infuriated Hitler that he ordered the Luftwaffe to shift its attacks from RAF sites to London and other cities. Added to this was the repair and refitting of 22,000 more vessels. By the. It is believed that the wartime government covered up the death toll because of concern over the effect it would have had on public morale. While Anderson shelters offered good protection from bomb fragments and debris, they were cold and damp and generally ill-suited for prolonged occupancy. When the bombing began, 76-year-old William and 72-year-old Harriette took refuge under the stairs along with Dorothy, Dot and Isa. The creeping TikTok bans. Up to now, we have escaped an attack, said John MacDermott, the Minister for Security, Belfast, on March 24, 1941. ", Dawson Bates, the Home Affairs Minister, apparently refused to reply to army correspondence and when the Ministry of Home Affairs was informed by imperial defence experts in 1939 that Belfast was regarded as "a very definite German objective", little was done outside providing shelters in the Harbour area.[14]. On September 1, 1939, the day World War II began with Germanys invasion of Poland, the British government implemented a massive evacuation plan. Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland . High explosives were dropped. O'Sullivan reported: "There were many terrible mutilations among both living and dead heads crushed, ghastly abdominal and face wounds, penetration by beams, mangled and crushed limbs etc.". This view was probably influenced by the decision of the IRA Army Council to support Germany. Few children had been successfully evacuated. The Belfast Blitz consisted of four German air raids on strategic targets in the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland, in April and May 1941 during World War II, causing high casualties. [citation needed]. Still, many in Northern Ireland believed no Luftwaffe attack would come. IWM C 5424 1. and Major Sen O'Sullivan, who produced a detailed report for the Dublin government. Many of the surface shelters built by local authorities were flimsy and provided little protection from bombs, falling debris, and fire. Video, 00:01:37Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Because basements, a logical destination in the event of an air raid, were a relative rarity in Britain, the A.R.P. It was not the last time Belfast would suffer. Why Alex Murdaugh was spared the death penalty, Why Trudeau is facing calls for a public inquiry, The shocking legacy of the Dutch 'Hunger Winter'. On the ground, there were only 22 anti-aircraft guns positioned around the city, six light and 16 heavy, and on the first night only seven of these were manned and operational. By the time the raid was over, at least 744 people had lost their lives, including some living in places such as Newtownards, Bangor and Londonderry. C.S Lewis was born in Belfast, and the nearby countryside helped inspire The Chronicles of Narnia. In just these few hours, 430 people were killed and 1,600 were badly injured. Over the course of three days, some 1.5 million civiliansthe overwhelming majority of them childrenwere transported from urban centres to rural areas that were believed to be safe. Over 20 hospitals were hit, among them the London (many times), St. Thomass, St. Bartholomews, and the childrens hospital in Great Ormond st., as well as Chelsea hospital, the home for the aged and invalid soldiers, built by Wren. One of every six Londoners was made homeless at some point during the Blitz, and at least 1.1 million houses and flats were damaged or destroyed. He described some distressing consequences, such as how "in one case the leg and arm of a child had to be amputated before it could be extricated. Video, 00:00:46Hong Kong skyscraper fire seen on city's skyline, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds. "There will always be people who will slip through the net but I am able to say at least 987 were killed across all raids.". Clydeside got its blitz during the period of the last moon. On August 25 the British retaliated by launching a bombing raid on Berlin. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. When the house was hit William, Harriette, Dorothy, 36-year-old Dot and 41-year-old Isa were all killed. The night raids on London continued into 1941, and January 1011 saw exceptionally heavy attacks; the Mansion House (residence of the lord mayor of London) and the Bank of England narrowly avoided destruction when a bomb fell directly between them, creating a gigantic crater. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of any material on this site without expressand written permission from the author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. 6. London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights from 7 September 1940 St George's Church in High Street was damaged by fire. In 1995, on the 50th anniversary of the ending of the Second World War, an invitation was received by the Dublin Fire Brigade for any survivors of that time to attend a function at Hillsborough Castle and meet Prince Charles. Belfast's Albert Clock tower is sinking - it leans by four feet. About 1,000 people were killed and bombs hit half of the houses in the city, leaving 100,000. Liverpool, for example, protected by 100 guns. parliament: "if the government realized 'that these fast bombers can come to Northern Ireland in two and three quarter hours'". This hub of industry and trade represented a legitimate military target for the Germans, and some 25,000 bombs were dropped on the Port of London alone. Only four were known still to be alive. The "Hiram Plan" initiated by Dawson Bates, the Home Affairs Minister, had failed to materialise. As more and more people began sleeping on the platforms, however, the government relented and provided bunk beds and bathrooms for the underground communities. Given Belfast's geographic position, it was considered to be at the fringe of the operational range of German bombers and hence there was no provision for night-fighter aerial cover. [27] One widespread criticism was that the Germans located Belfast by heading for Dublin and following the railway lines north. 4. Between April 7 and May 6 of that year, Luftwaffe bombers unleashed death and destruction on the cities of Belfast, Bangor, Derry/Londonderry and Newtownards. Where they are going, what they will find to eat when they get there, nobody knows. Video, 00:00:36Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle. A modern bomb census has attempted to pinpoint the location of every bomb dropped on London during the Blitz, and the visualization of that data makes clear how thoroughly the Luftwaffe saturated the city. [19], 220,000 people fled from the city. They are sleeping in the same sheugh (ditch), below the same tree or in the same barn. "But there is no such equivalent in Belfast. Streetlights, car headlights, and illuminated signs were kept off. So had Clydeside until recently. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Those who sought refuge at the school were told that they would quickly be relocated to a safer area, but the evacuation was delayed. Video, 00:01:15The Belfast blitz, Up Next. He spoke with Professor Flynn, (Theodore Thomson Flynn, an Australian based at the Mater Hospital and father of actor Errol Flynn), head of the casualty service for the city, who told him of "casualties due to shock, blast and secondary missiles, such as glass, stones, pieces of piping, etc." 6. The sense of relative calm was abruptly shattered in the first week of September 1940, when the war came to London in earnest. Belfast Blitz: Marking the lost lives 80 years on A force of 180 bombers dropped 750 bombs - including 203 tonnes of high explosives - and 29,000 incendiaries over a five-hour period. John Clarke MacDermott, the Minister of Public Security, after the first bombing, initiated the "Hiram Plan" to evacuate the city and to return Belfast to 'normality' as quickly as possible. He believed that key targets identified across the city were hit. The initial human cost of the Blitz was lower than the government had expected, but the level of destruction exceeded the governments dire predictions. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The Belfast blitz devastated a city that up until 1941 had remained unscathed during World War Two. Wave after wave of bombers dropped their incendiaries, high explosives and land-mines. [21] Mass graves for the unclaimed bodies were dug in the Milltown and Belfast City Cemeteries. He successfully busied himself with the task of making Northern Ireland a major supplier of food to Britain in her time of need.[5]. Accounts differ as to when flares were dropped to light up the city. The House of Commons, Westminster Abbey, and the British Museum were severely damaged, and The Temple was almost completely destroyed. Lecturer of History, Queens University, Belfast, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast_Blitz&oldid=1136721396, During the war years, Belfast shipyards built or converted over 3,000 navy vessels, repaired more than 22,000 others and launched over half a million tons of merchant shipping over 140. The offensive came to be called the Blitz after the German word blitzkrieg ("lightning war"). More than 1,000 people were killed, and the damage was more widespread than on any previous occasion. 2023 BBC. The creeping TikTok bans. From September 1940 until May 1941, Britain was subjected to sustained enemy bombing campaign, now known as the Blitz. James Craig, Lord Craigavon, had been Prime Minister of Northern Ireland since its inception in 1921 up until his death in 1940. Streets heavily bombed in the city centre included High Street, Ann Street, Callender Street, Chichester Street, Castle Street, Tomb Street, Bridge Street (effectively obliterated), Rosemary Street, Waring Street, North Street, Victoria Street, Donegall Street, York Street, Gloucester Street, and East Bridge Street. Despite the military and industrial importance of the city, the Luftwaffe described the defences asweak, scanty, insufficient. He was succeeded by J. M. Andrews, then 69 years old, who was no more capable of dealing with the situation than his predecessor. Video, 00:02:12Isabel Oakeshott: Why I leaked Hancock's messages, Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle. The ill-fated ship was built in the city in 1912, and to this day, there is a museum dedicated to its building and the lives of all of those on board. In addition, there simply was not enough space for everyone who needed shelter in one of the largest and most densely populated cities in the world. Corrections? [12], There was little preparation for the conflict with Germany. They all say the same thing, that the government is no good. The M.V. So had Clydeside until recently. Many bodies and body parts could not be identified. The Belfast blitz is remembered. The Germans, however, saw Belfast as a legitimate target due to the shipyards in the city that were contributing to Britain's war efforts. The Air Raid Precautions (A.R.P.) Many people who were dug out of the rubble alive had taken shelter underneath their stairs and were fortunate that their homes had not received a direct hit or caught fire. Emma Duffin, a nurse at the Queen's University Hospital, (who previously served during the Great War), who kept a diary; Belfast was largely unprepared for an attack of such a scale as 200 German bombers shelled the city on 15 April 1941. Belfast was the birthplace of the RMS Titanic, the world' most famous ship which, when it was constructed in the early 1900s, was longer than the height of the world's tallest building at 882 feet and six inches in length. 2. Churches destroyed or wrecked included Macrory Memorial Presbyterian in Duncairn Gardens; Duncairn Methodist, Castleton Presbyterian on York Road; St Silas's on the Oldpark Road; St James's on the Antrim Road; Newington Presbyterian on Limestone Road; Crumlin Road Presbyterian; Holy Trinity on Clifton Street and Clifton Street Presbyterian; York Street Presbyterian and York Street Non-Subscribing Presbyterian; Newtownards Road Methodist and Rosemary Street Presbyterian (the last of which was not rebuilt). When incendiaries were dropped, the city burned as water pressure was too low for effective firefighting. Under the leadership of Prime Minister John Miller Andrews, Northern Ireland remained unprepared. The seeming normality of life on the Home Front was shattered in 1944 when the first of the V1's landed. It is situated at on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. The district of Belfast has an area of 44 square miles (115 square km). The 2017 film Zoo depicts an air raid during the Belfast Blitz. The most heavily bombed area was that which lay between York Street and the Antrim Road, north of the city centre. Read about our approach to external linking. ", US journalist Ben Robertson reported that at night Dublin was the only city without a blackout between New York and Moscow, and between Lisbon and Sweden and that German bombers often flew overhead to check their bearings using its lights, angering the British. The attacks were authorized by Germany's chancellor, Adolf Hitler, after the British carried out a nighttime air raid on Berlin. The next took place on Easter Tuesday, 15 April 1941, when 200 Luftwaffe bombers attacked military and manufacturing targets in the city of Belfast. He was replaced by 54-year-old Sir Basil Brooke on 1 May. Apart from one or two false alarms in the early days of the war, no sirens wailed in London until June 25. The "pothole blitz" is a common short-term initiative to combat storm weather damage. There were Heinkel He 111s, Junkers Ju 88s and Dornier Do 17s. At the start of World War Two, Belfast had considered itself safe from an aerial attack, as the city's leaders believed that Belfast was simply too far away for Luftwaffe bombers to reach - assuming that they would have to fly from Nazi Germany. The couple, who ran a children's home, stayed with Anna's parents, William and Harriette Denby, and her sisters, Dot and Isa, at Evelyn Gardens, off the Cavehill Road, in the north of the city. Your donations help keep MHN afloat. German bombing of London during the Blitz, Discover how the Third Reich attacked Great Britain during World War II's Battle of Britain, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Watch President Roosevelt outline his Four Freedoms and learn how Britain defeated Germany's Luftwaffe. In the New Lodge area people had taken refuge in a mill. Guided by Davies, the people of the shelter created an ad hoc government and established a set of rules. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Read about our approach to external linking. ", Mapping the lives lost in the Belfast Blitz. Morale did suffer amid the death and devastation, but there were few calls for surrender. devised the Morrison shelter (named for Home Secretary Herbert Stanley Morrison) as an alternative to the Anderson shelter. The bombs caused death and destruction across the city, affecting those of all religions and political backgrounds. 1. The Luftwaffe never attacked the city after May 1941, but it would be many years before life returned to normal for many in the city. An earlier flight on Oct. 18 allowed the crew to plot several targets in the city. Ulster Historical Foundation. At the core of this book is a compelling account of the Luftwaffe's blitz on Belfast in April-May 1941. Brooke noted in his diary "I gave him authority as it is obviously a question of expediency". While the balloons themselves were an obvious deterrent, they were anchored to the ground by steel tethers that were strong enough to damage or destroy any aircraft that flew into them. Six Heinkel He 111 bombers, from Kampfgruppe 26, flying at 7,000 feet (2,100m), dropped incendiaries, high explosive and parachute-mines. Tragically 35 were crushed to death when the mill wall collapsed. Nearby were the citys main power station, gasworks, telephone house and the Sirocco Engineering works. There were few bomb shelters. The first deliberate raid took place on the night of 7 April. By mid-September 1940 the RAF had won the Battle of Britain, and the invasion was postponed indefinitely. London seemed ablaze from the docks to Westminster, much damage was done, and casualties were high. There was no smokescreen ability, however there were some barrage balloons positioned strategically for protection. Munster, for example, operated by the Belfast Steamship Company, plied between Belfast and Liverpool under the tricolour, until she hit a mine and was sunk outside Liverpool. The period of the next moon from say the 7th to the 16th of April may well bring our turn." The British, on the other hand, were supremely well prepared for the kind of battle in which they now found themselves. Video, 00:01:09The Spitfire turns 80, The German bombing of Coventry. The South Hallsville School disaster prompted Londoners, especially residents of the East End, to find safer shelters, on their own if necessary. Belfast is located on the island of Ireland. On May 11, 1941, Hitler called off the Blitz as he shifted his forces eastward against the Soviet Union. His reply was: "We here today are in a state of war and we are prepared with the rest of the United Kingdom and Empire to face all the responsibilities that imposes on the Ulster people. NI WW2 veterans honoured by France. Prayers were said and hymns sung by the mainly Protestant women and children during the bombing. After a brief lull, the Luftwaffe returned in force on February 17. 255 corpses were laid out in St George's Market. The British government had anticipated air attacks on its population centres, and it had predicted catastrophic casualties. In a survey of shelter use, it was found that, although the public shelters were fully occupied every night, just 9 percent of Londoners made use of them. Belfast, Irish Bal Feirste, city, district, and capital of Northern Ireland, on the River Lagan, at its entrance to Belfast Lough (inlet of the sea). Apart from those on London, this was the greatest loss of life in any night raid during the Blitz. Belfast suffered a series of bombing raids in the spring of 1941, which became known as the 'Blitz of Belfast'. It remains a high death toll - a shocking number of people killed in just a few weeks. Fiber-optic cables are made from thin strings of glass and are generally about one-tenth the width of a . People are leaving from all parts of town and not only from the bombed areas. KS3 History (Environment and society) The Belfast Blitz learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers. In Bristol, the bombed-out ruins of St Peter's Church were left standing with added memorial plaques to the civilians who were killed. Since 1:45am all telephones had been cut. Read about our approach to external linking. Brides, Fleet St.; St. Lawrence Jewry; St. Magnus the Martyr; St. Mary-at-hill; St. Dunstan in the East; St. Clement [Eastcheap] and St. Jamess, Piccadilly). With Britains powerful Royal Navy controlling the surface approaches in the Channel and the North Sea, it fell to the Luftwaffe to establish dominance of the skies above the battle zone. wardens, and members of the Home Guard drilling in the parks, life went on much as usual. Nevertheless, through sheer weight of numbers, the Germans were on the brink of victory in late August 1940. By 1940, Short and Harland could shelter its entire workforce and Harland and Wolff had provision to shelter 16,000 workers. [citation needed], Casualties were lower than at Easter, partly because the sirens had sounded at 11.45pm while the Luftwaffe attacked more cautiously from a greater height. Moya Woodside[23] noted in her diary: "Evacuation is taking on panic proportions. That evening over 150 bombers left their bases in northern France and the Netherlands and headed for Belfast. John Wood Dunlop invented the pneumatic tyre in Belfast in 1887. Read about our approach to external linking. They remained for three days, until they were sent back by the Northern Ireland government. Video, 00:02:12, Isabel Oakeshott: Why I leaked Hancock's messages, Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle. Revised estimates made decades later indicated that close to 600 men, women, and children had been killed in the bombing. 8. The Titanic was built in Belfast. During the first year of the war, behind-the-lines conditions prevailed in London. As of October 2020, the population of Belfast is about 350,000 people. O'Sullivan felt that the whole civil defence sector was utterly overwhelmed. There was no opposition. During what was known as the "Belfast Blitz," 1,000 people were killed by bombs dropped by the Nazis in 1941 during the Second World War. Although there were some comparatively slight raids later in 1941, the most notable one on July 27, the May 1011 attack marked the conclusion of the Blitz. His report concluded with: "a second Belfast would be too horrible to contemplate". The Blitz began at around 4 pm on September 7, 1940, when German bomber planes first appeared over London. But Mr Freeburn's research casts doubt on this. The firm had produced Handley Page Hereford bombers since 1936. Over 100 German planes made contact with barrage balloon cables during the Blitz, and two-thirds of them crashed or made forced landings on British soil. "These people are often seen as a statistic but they were human beings, people who lived and grew up in - or moved to - Belfast and died in Belfast," Mr Freeburn, the museum's collections officer, says.
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