J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. He simply and quietly disappeared. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Nothing is known of his end. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. "Tianlijiao ", in. }, Page last modified: [2][3]. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces #ga-ad {display: none;} The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Inventions [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. ." [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. They are not like some external tribe . The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. ." BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." id Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Corrections? Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Encyclopedia.com. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. (February 22, 2023). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. "[5] In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. And so the war was waged. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . Updates? The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "White Lotus Rebellion The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty.
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