WebTo address this perception, in the current study, FITC-dextran of different MWs (10, 70 and 150 kDa) was used to model the transdermal delivery of low MW biotherapeutics and mAbs with MWs of approximately 150 kDa. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2005;304(1):27486. To improve drug permeability, micropore ablation using RF is performed by passing an alternating electrical current through the skin at a frequency higher than 100kHz. Gel permeation chromatography of dextrans in parenteral solutions: Calibration procedure development and method validation. Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), a common phenomenon that can produce local excessive temperature, high pressure and large amount of energy. Pavlov, G.M. In fact, short chains do contain minor branching points. The radius of gyration is typically calculated from static scattering measurements, while the hydro-dynamic radius (or equivalent sphere radius) is deter-mined by dynamic light scattering or other diffusion measurements. In a good solvent, which shows a zero or negative heat of mixing with the polymer, the molecule is less-extended, and the intrinsic viscosity is high. Jeanes, A.; Haynes, W.C.; C. Wilham, A.; Rankin, J.C; Melvin, E.H.; Austin, M. J.; Cluskey, J. E.; Fisher, B.E. Stokes radius what will you do to keep amazon safe answers; amarsi assisted living; peter clarke, emilia clarke; personality characteristics of kiran mazumdar shaw; karina mitchell age; mirela romanian orphan died; dsa presidential endorsement; dextran hydrodynamic radius. 2009;8(2):1739. Bohdanecky, Miloslav (1996). 1905/05) for their financial support. These modifications include degradation of hemidesmosomes attached to the dermis, degradation of desmosomes linked to adjacent cells, contraction of intracellular tonofilament, and lamellipodia formation. Chapter 2.1.4 Suspended level viscometers for transparent liquid, Ubbelohde Viscometer page 28-31. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Solvent effects on polysaccharide conformation. Dextran (DX) is one type of EPS synthesized by LAB in the presence of sucrose (R g), radius of hydrodynamic (R h), polymer conformation parameter ( = R g /R h), intrinsic viscosity ([]), Mark-Houwink coefficient () and branching degree of DXs of RPYs prepared under different conditions. European Polymer Journal, 42, 1086-1092. Formation of dextran hydrogels by crystallization. Solutions of dextrans and blue dextrans (0.21.0 g/L) were prepared in 0.200 M NaCl (aq). Bookshelf As intrinsic viscosity of dextrans decreases with an increase in solution temperature; chain flexibility enhances with an increase in temperature (see Table 4) showing that the intrinsic viscosity of dextran (with different molecular weights Mw from 8.8 to 200kDa) decreases linearly with an temperature increase in solution, but change to high molecular weight to hyperbranched macromolecule. The biological activity of cationic liposomes in drug delivery and toxicity test in animal models. Cell permeabilization using a non-thermal plasma - IOPscience Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery. It is well tolerated on parenteral infusion by most people but a very low incidence Huggins, Maurice L. (1942). 2.It can be found from the figure that at the start-up stage of the shaft, the hydrodynamic effect (HE) is weak, so the HP is not enough to support the shaft, which Fluorescent dextran WebThis value is sensible given that i j = 0 and that the search radius of the clustering algorithm is slightly larger than the average segment length of our Dextran model (b 5.5 nm). Cytotoxicity studies on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line showed non-toxic and biocompatible nature of dextran. Accueil; Solution; Tarif; PRO; Mon compte; France; Accueil; Solution; Tarif; PRO; Mon compte Bahary, W. S.; Hogan, M. P.; Jilani, M.; Aronson, M. P. (1995). The micropore formed at the SC through to the epidermis, enabling drug delivery. US20230040324A1 AMINOACRIDINE AND AMINOPYRENE DYES J Pharm Sci. Journal Argentine Chemical Society 100 (2013) 25-34. Tirtaatmadja, V.; Dunstan, D. E.; Boger, D. V. (2001). Keratinocytes adjacent to the wound site induced by the microporation in the epidermis undergo a series of modifications that allow their proliferation and migration to the wound. dextran hydrodynamic radius. Kloster, C.; Bica C.; Rochas C.; Samios, D.; Geissler, E. (2000). Disclaimer. volume24, Articlenumber:22 (2020) Journal of Colloid Science, 31, 308-328. The first term on the left-hand side of equation 2 (i/c) has a linear relation as a function of the concentration (c in g/cm3), where is the intrinsic viscosity [] is given by (c0) [42, 43]. 2009;6(4):34354. Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual WebR H Hydrodynamic radius [m] The basic DLS setup. However, the results did not show significant regeneration of micropore compared to previous in vivo studies which reported significant regeneration [25]. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 58(11), 953-957. The cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran 10K was 4.820.32M, in the human skin and 5.920.46M in the pig skin. Masuelli, Martin Alberto. Carbohydrate Polymers 95 360-365. hydrodynamic In this work, hydrodynamic properties are investigated in different dextran aqueous solutions with different molecular weights (8.8-2000kDa), in a temperature range from 20C to 50C. Table 2 compares the properties of nanoparticles coated with one or other polymer. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that the polysaccharide comprised only glucose units. Front Microbiol. (2013). Dextran consists of -D glucose units with a majority of (16) glucosidic linkages between them. As a consequence of the diversity in their origin, the set of classical universal size independent quantities suffers from shortcomings. (1999). Antoniou, E.; Buitrago, C. F.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. (2010). Interaction Parameter (); Expansion Factor (); Steric Hindrance Factor (); and Shielding Function F(); for the System PEAOrganic Solvents by Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements. The Mark-Houwink a constant is close to 0.5 in poor solvents. WebThomas Gutberlet works at Jlich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2), Forsch and is well known for Lipoteichoic Acid, Neutron Reflectometry and Neutron Reflectivity. Because of the recent animal protection rules which have restricted animal experiments [19], we used human cadaver skin as an alternative to animals. Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery. A single frequency laser is directed to the sample contained in a cuvette. The intrinsic viscosity can be easily calculated by the Solomon-Ciuta single-point equation [44, 45]. The most widely applied coatings for FDA-approved SPIONs are dextran and carboxydextran. European. @ Nilimesh See attached. Biodegradable dextran hydrogels crosslinked by stereocomplex formation for the controlled release of pharmaceutical proteins. These results suggest that fibroblasts proliferate and migrate under the SC, and regenerate the skin. One day before the experiment, the skin was stabilized in the skin culture medium. 2019;9(3-S):9726. The lower molecular weight of FITC-dextran permeated more on both human and pig skin. Alternatives to animal testing: a review. The value of qM-H varies from one sample to another one, because it is a function of a and the average molecular weights (Mv, Mw). However, considering the trauma and unethical practices associated with animal experiments, in vitro studies with human cadaver skin offers an ethical and viable alternative. (2012). It has been found that, when applied to water treatment, it can effectively act on refractory organic matter in wastewater through thermal decomposition and water molecular action to produce free Determination of polymer structure by Gel Permeation Chromatography. CAS Chromatographic characterization of polymers: Hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. Microporation techniques for enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents. Walkenhorst, S.; Olivier, R. (2003). The flattening of the curves at higher molecular weight is in agreement with an increased branching density. The most widely used method for the characterization of macromolecules is the capillary viscometry, as it is a simple and economic method. Thomas Gutberlet (Lipoteichoic Acid): Statistiques d'influence The exponent a is a function of polymer geometry, and varies from 0.5 to 2 and exponent is dimensionless. Named after George Gabriel Stokes, it is closely related to solute mobility, factoring in not only size but also solvent effects.A smaller ion with stronger hydration, for example, may have a greater Stokes radius than a larger ion with For data requests, please contact the authors. FOIA A similar combination involves the intrinsic viscosity and specific volume: (a/b) is called Einstein viscosity increment, and Vs is specific volume (cm3/g). Our portfolio includes for example derivatives of dextran, polysucrose, inulin and more. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC Carbohydrate Polymers 72, 356-360. Biological skin substitutes for wound cover and closure. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Dextran is a branched polysaccharide, composed of -D-glucopyranosyl residues. 2003;89(2):31120. For simplicity, macromolecules are treated as rigid molecules for a hydrodynamic study. Degrees of long-chain branching in dextrans. Carbohydrate Polymers, 39, 377-380. dextran Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. Quantitative data are presented as the meanstandard deviation, and comparisons were carried out using one-way ANOVA (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Gillespie, T.; Hulme, M. A. Various average molecular weights (Mv, Mn, Mw, and Mz) instead of Mv were substituted in M-H equation. At 25C both values of a and kM-H are within the range reported by [3, 8, 16]. Normally, the skin loses very little water loss whereas damaged skin loses more [22]. Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea, LG electronics, 19 Yangjae-daero 11-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06772, Republic of Korea, You can also search for this author in The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Long-Chain Molecules. De Belder, A.N. The value of Mv is different from Mn, Mw, and Mz in a polydisperse polymer sample [38, 60, 61, 62]. European Polymer Journal, 37, 619-622. The calculated dextran molecular weights are corroborated by those tabulated data by the manufacturer with a relative error lower than 10%, being the exception dextrans 580 and 2000kDa with the highest relative error. From Table 1, It is worth noting that the value of 2 is above 0.95, being an acceptable value for viscosimetric measurement. Banga AK. Home > 2022 > Junho > 22 > Uncategorized > dextran hydrodynamic radius. Keywords: FITC dextran; intestinal permeability; transit time. 2015;32(5):170413. On the molecular weight distribution of dextran T-500. Study of temperature influence. Hindered diffusion of dextran and ficoll in microporous membranes. (1987). The temperature increment can induce a macromolecule compaction (decreases in RH and []), generating by this way, a greater difficult to flowing due at requires an increase of energy consumption (Eavf<). 2012;101(8):28619. Hydrodynamic Hydrodynamic Radius eCollection 2018 Feb. Molecules. What is dextran? Application areas - TdB Labs AB J Control Release. 2018 Jan;184(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s12010-017-2522-4. ; Weisz, J. Granath, K. A. Experimental and numerical study on the mixed lubrication Carbohydrate Polymers 88 373-381. Learn More. where tr is the column retention time in minutes (2 of 0.9792). Sung-Wook Choi. Drug deliv. Hydrodynamic The mechanism of the dextran-induced red blood cell Aggregation. The value of kM-H in this work decreases with increasing temperature in contrast to published by reference [34] where kM-H increases. 2013;43(4):287303. Barshtein, G.; Tamir, I.; Yedgar, S. (1998). Dilute solution properties and degree of chain branching for dextran. Mainaa, Ndegwa Henry; Pitknen, Leena; Heikkinen, Sami; Tuomainen; Pivi; Virkki, Liisa; Tenkanen, Maija (2014). PubMedGoogle Scholar. J. Phys. The lack of data on the uniformity of intrinsic viscosity measurements in the system water/dextran, highlights the significant influence of the solvent and temperature [74]. Article Experimental Review on Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements and Temperature Effect.". Dextrans and their derivatives find an interest in clinical applications, as well as excipients in tablets in the pharmaceutical industry [5]. In this work, the human cadaver skin was treated to confirm the skin regeneration after the application of the microporation device. The values of Mark-Houwink parameters universalized for the range of working temperatures are the following: 0.4267 for a*, and 0.1455 cm3/g for k*M-H, with 2 of 0.9399. The Mark-Houwink exponent bears the signature of a three-dimensional configuration of a polymer chain in the solvent environment. Hrabchak C, Flynn L, Woodhouse KA. The equation 4 can be rearranged and resulted in a modified M-H equation as follows: where the value qM-H is the polydispersity correction factor, and it is a statistical function of the molecular weight distribution. Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative that addresses the limitations of oral and parenteral routes of drug administration; it enables controlled release and long-term systemic drug delivery through the skin, avoids hepatic first-pass effect, avoids gastrointestinal drug degradation, reduces discomfort and trauma resulting from hypodermic injections, and prevents safety hazards associated with dangerous medical waste from needles [1, 2]. Ortega, A.; Garca de la Torre, J. 2011;16(2):518. Carbohydrate Polymers, 36, 319-326. Nair SS. Kim, D.; Robyt, J. F.; So-Young Lee; Jin-Ha Lee; Young-Min Kim. Hydrodynamic radii ( RH) were determined by dynamic light scattering. Anal. Microneedles and their applications. (2008). Whiteside PJD, Chininis JA, Schellenberg MW, Qian C, Hunt HK. Kasaai, M. R.; Arul, J.; Charlet, G. (2000). Epub 2012 May 28. After 8h, the micropore became more distorted from the previous circle, suggesting that the micropores were closing. J Appl Toxicol. The M-H equation is empirical and valid for monodisperse polymers, and it is applied to biomacromolecules (complex, hyperbranched, crosslink), taking the precaution of comparing the value of Mv with the polydispersity index (qM-H). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Intrinsic viscosity determination offers a simple and useful method that requires low cost equipment and yields useful information on soluble macromolecules. The dextran has the advantage in terms of low cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and water-solubility. WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter ( dh ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. ; Garca de , J. Protein Hydrodynamics with Light Scattering Ann Surg Oncol. The measurements of dextrans molecular weight were determined by size exclusion HPLC (Gilson, France) with Refraction Index detector using a Polysep-GFC-P5000 column (7.8030 mm). Regulating dynamic signaling between hematopoietic stem cells Quintanilla-Pineda M, Achou CG, Daz J, Gutirrez-Falcon A, Bravo M, Herrera-Muoz JI, Pea-Navarro N, Alvarado C, Ibaez FC, Marzo F. Foods. All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. The measurements of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were taken using the Tewameter (Courage-Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) to evaluate the skin barrier function after microporation. The Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules. In addition, microporated pig skin permeated larger amounts of FITC-dextran than human skin, this can be attributed to the differences in structure between the human and pig skin; the pig skin layer is thinner (SC, 813m) than the human skin (SC, 1017m) and the pig hair follicle is longer (3871m) than the human hair follicle (18m). An official website of the United States government. The molecular weight of dextran samples can be obtained by a variety of methods including light scattering, HPLC/SEC, sedimentation, osmometry and end-group analysis. Conducting a comparative analysis of the data shown in Table 1 can observer that parameter data Mark-Houwink a, obtained by these authors are very similar to that obtained in this work, which affirms its validity. ACS Nano. Middelkoop E, Bogaerdt AJ, Lamme EN, Hoekstra MJ, Brandsma K, Ulrich MMW. Senti, F. R.; Hellman, N. N.; Ludwig, G.; Babcock, E.; Tobin, R.; Class, C. A., (1955). Table 1 shows some values of dextrans Mark-Houwink parameters, from literature consulted, where all data are based on the logarithmic plot of intrinsic viscosity [] and molecular weight Mw. 1994, 95-0355. Typical examples are the classical size-independent combinations like the Flory parameter, which that combine the intrinsic viscosity, [], and the gyration radius, Rg: These quantities have been proposed along the years, by different eminent scientists, after whom they are named. To confirm the extent of skin damage and regeneration after microporation, porations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times. Dependence on Concentration. Ibrahim O, Munavalli GS, Dover JS. The Solomon-Ciuta single-point method is used for calculating dextran intrinsic viscosity and the error relative is calculated, and %RE respect to Huggins method is >4.18% for 2000kDa, and >2.06% for 8.8kDa (Table 2). ; Ortega, A.; Garcia de la Torre, J.; Harding, S.E. For rigid macromolecules, it is also conventional to combine a solution property with the volume of the particle itself, or with a quantity directly derived from it [54, 55, 56]. The importance of this type of study lies in the analysis of the polysaccharide behavior at industrial processes, the requirements to reduce energy, avoid flow problems and product quality control. The Principle of the Suspended Level: Applications to the Measurement of Viscosity and Other Properties of Liquids. For a given polymer-solvent pair, the theta condition is satisfied at a certain temperature, called the theta () temperature or theta point. 4K and M.W. This situation is mainly the result of using dextans, solvent, additives, etc. (2008). The particular dextrans which were used initially for conversion into synthetic blood-volume expanders [6, 7], human red blood cells aggregation for increasing the degree of polymerization and hence the molecular weight [8, 9, 10], hydrogels and microspheres [11], in drug transport system and its modifications as nanoparticles [12], in the removal through absorption of contaminant effluents such as heavy metals, organic molecules and inks [13], in the formation of biodegradable films [14, 15]. After 24h the micropores were either closed or reduced further to smaller sizes, 37.5020.41, 50.5718.07, and 58.5814.99m, for 2, 5, and 10 times microporation, respectively. Thus, it is a common practice to express the frictional coefficient of rigid structures as. These results could be attributed to the differences in the in vivo and in vitro skin nutrients supply; with in vivo studies, the skin tissue is supplied nutrients directly from the blood vessels, but the human cadaver skin is supplied from the media, therefore, the skin tissue regeneration efficiency is low [26,27,28]. Expert Rev Med Devices. When applied to adherent cell cultures, the APGD-t is capable of inducing temporary cell permeabilization. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. The calculation of Mark-Houwink parameters is carried out by the graphic representation of the following equation: where kMH (cm3/g) and a are Mark-Houwink constants, depending on the type of polymer, solvent, and temperature of intrinsic viscosity determinations [46]. Determination of the intrinsic viscosity has been the most used measurement in the last 60 years. Universal size-independent quantities for the conformational characterization of rigid and flexible macromolecules. (2003). In summary, we demonstrated effective enhancement of skin permeability and delivery of macromolecules lower than 20KM.W., and regeneration of human cadaver skin after microporation with an RF-based microporation device. (1958). Smith, David R.; Raymonda, John W. (1972). Charge: Anionic. Increased TEWL values are evidence of micropores formation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 267-271. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. Pribush, A.; Zilberman-Kravits, D.; Meyerstein, N. (2007). SWC designed and coordinated the research. In general, Mv is not experimentally accessible, whereas other average molecular weights are accessible. TEWL measurements were taken 30min after microporation of the human and pig skin. If there are particles in the sample, the incident laser light gets scattered in all directions. Journal Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 97, 295-301. 2008;26(11):12618. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. The same way, many of these authors emphasize the non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran molecular weight range from 9 to 2000kDa [3,5,8,16, 37,38]. Kano S, Todo H, Furui K, Kenichi S, Tokudome Y, Hashimoto F, Kojima H, Sugibayashi K. Comparison of several reconstructed cultured human skin models by microscopic observation: their usefulness as an alternative membrane for skin in drug permeation experiments. 4K was 10.611.68 and 13.440.18M in human and pig skin, respectively. Figure 2 shows the classical method for calculating Mark-Houwink parameters, where a linear relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight is established for each temperature. Macromolecules, 33, 5730-5739. 4K, 10K, and 20K) permeated through the human, and pig skin after microporation. A novel correlation for protein diffusion coefficients based on molecular weight on radius of gyration. Alternatively, the value of qM-H can be calculated using numerical methods and other-average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, Mz) according to where c and d are empirical polynomial functions of the exponent a. Kam Y, Sacks H, Kaplan KM, Stern M, Levin G. Radio frequency-microchannels for transdermal delivery: characterization of skin recovery and delivery window. In contrast to linear chains, power law behavior is observed only asymptotically at large Mv. ; Ross-Murphy, S.B. The solution was measured using an Anton Paar DMA35N densitometer. The effectiveness of the RF microporation technique in transdermal drug delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic agents such as peptides, hormones, and vaccines has been demonstrated extensively in previous studies [16,17,18]. All authors have consented to the submission of this manuscript for publication. Transdermal delivery is of great importance for the effective delivery of bioactive or therapeutic agents into a body. Search Ubbelohde, Leo. Figure3 shows a magnified image of human cadaver skin with microchannels formed by the microporation device (250kHz) and the skin closure over time. They concluded that a power law behavior seems to be approached only in the small molecular weight region. Dextran Triple Detector Application Note 1, Viscotek GmbH, USA. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 27, 795-810. Progress in Polymer Science, 30, 38-70. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 42, 133-137. By using this website, you agree to our Mitragotri S. Mechanical disruption of skin barrier for vaccine delivery. 2021 Aug;13(4):915-925. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09751-1. Prausnitz MR, Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery. The column was eluted with bidestilled water a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, injection 5L, back pressure 200psi. The regeneration process of the skin is regulated by growth factors such as keratinocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, which trigger the proliferation and migration of cells [23, 24]. ; Aberle, T; Burchard, W. (2000). (1954). Seven dextrans, provided by Sigma, with molecular weight of 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa. Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 199-207. Drug Discov Today Technol. Springer Nature. 2023 Feb 17;12(4):861. doi: 10.3390/foods12040861. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of individual samples of dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyoxyethylene over a range of molecular weights (1,500 The basic setup of a DLS instrument is shown in Figure 1. The receptor chamber was filled with PBS. The numerical value of a indicates that dextrans acquire the shape of a rigid sphere in aqueous solution; and kM-H demonstrates that under water the value decreases with temperature [71, 72]. In the case of the work performed in references [34, 35, 36] they studied using the number average molecular weight, which rearranges the value of a and forces it to enter into unbranched or linear molecules, on the other hand, if molecular weights are used the value would be less than 0.5. PMC The parameters of Mark-Houwink for polymers can vary with the polymer solution and temperature. TEWL measurements were taken to assess the integrity of the skin barrier and the extent of SC disruption. Viscosity of aqueous solutions of polysaccharides and hydrophobically modified polysaccharides: Application of Fedors equation. The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Hydrodynamic Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. Polymolecularity and polydispersity in Molecular weight determinations. Its Invariancy with Respect to the Cross-Sectional Dimensions of Polymer Chains. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Exp Cell Res. The reason for a nonlinear Mark-Houwink relationship is confirmed by the intrinsic viscosity which in contrast with scaling prediction shows no power law behavior. a-d Haematoxylin/eosin-stained histological sections of human cadaver skin sample and e quantified data using ImageJ for different time periods after microporation. 2008;28(5):64557. (2008). Carbohydrate Polymers, 74, 372-378. Viscotek GmbH, Europe. Unperturbed dimensions and the theta temperature of dextran in ethylene glycol solutions. Studies carried out at different ionic strength you can see them in the references [64, 65] and works with different solvents in the references [66, 67]. Carbohydrate Polymers 87, 405-410. ; Wood, P.J. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. 2006;3(3):37385. Dextran theta temperature between 43.14 and 44.44C for all the range of molecular weights explains the deviation at 45 and 50C [36, 37]. Saudi Pharm J. Advances in Physical Chemistry, Vol. Format), Citation-(EndNote Chen Rong Huei; Wei Yu Chen; Shang Ta Wang; Chu Hsi Hsu; Min Lang Tsai (2009). The microporation device based on radiofrequency can be used to enhance delivery efficiency by removing the epidermis layer. WebHydrodynamic radius = variable size of an analyte with specific MW based on dynamical properties. (1954). The solutions were prepared in bidestilated water at 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 % wt. HSE and DK helped to porate the skin and to measure TEWL. 2012;9(2):14754. Biomater Res 24, 22 (2020). The slope is a value and intercept is equal to the ln kMH value [47]. Thus, it is accepted that, for every flexible-chain polymer in a (ideal) solvent, there is a universal value of 0 = 2.1-2.5x1023mol-1 [52]. Journal of Polymer Science, 17, 527-546. ; Prasad, D.H.L. The proportionality between []0 and M0.5 is obtained as a limiting law for the no draining regime. Optical properties of dextran in solution and in films. At 20C data "a" value obtained in this work is intermediate to those given by references [1, 37] while the value of kM-H is lower.
Select The Correct Statements About Exposure Control, Erau Alumni Endorsement Grant, Illegal Street Racing Portland Oregon, Articles D