A fish's spinal cord transmits motor messages to its peripheral nerves, and sends sensory messages back to the brain. A distinct heart, anteroventral to the liver, is enclosed in a pericardial sac. Boca Raton: CRC Press. There are placoid scales covering the skin. 11051112). The nervous system of a fish is similar to that of other vertebrates. (2009). Besides the elongated upper lobe, the tail consists of two shorter lobes. Osteichthyes are highly diverse and come in a number of shapes and sizes. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 92134. It interprets signals collected from sensory nerves and formulates responses. Integrative Zoology, 4(1), 312. As poikilothermic animals, they cannot regulate their internal body temperature. Holocephali: The word Holocephali means complete head. This is most likely a secondary evolved characteristic, which means there is not necessarily a connection between the teeth and the original dermal scales. In the same way, visceral sensory and visceral motor neurons connect to the various viscera, or organs, of the fish. Eye growth in sharks: Ecological implications for changes in retinal topography and visual resolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00130.x. All fish embryologically develop two eyes, although some groups of fish are functionally blind, whereas others have keen eyesight for spotting prey and avoiding predators. Test of the mechanotactile hypothesis: Neuromast morphology and response dynamics of mechanosensory lateral line primary afferents in the stingray. American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3119, 186. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 135154. ), How bull sharks survive in freshwater [website]. A DiI-tracing study of the neural connections of the pineal organ in two elasmobranchs (Scyliorhinus canicula and Raja montagui) suggests a pineal projection to the midbrain GnRH-immunoreactive nucleus. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives (pp. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61(2), 125133. It is possible for them to be oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviviparous. Which one is exclusive to this class? Nerves are found throughout the body of fishes. Despite the vertebral column protecting their brains and spinal cords, chimpanzees have developed. Eye growth in sharks: Ecological implications for changes in retinal topography and visual resolution. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(20), 34493456. [11] In particular, new phylogenetic studies find cartilaginous fish to be well nested among acanthodians, with Doliodus and Tamiobatis being the closest relatives to Chondrichthyes. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. [17][18] Shenacanthus vermiformis, which lived 436 million years ago, had thoracic armour plates resembling those of placoderms.[19]. CrossRef Create an account to start this course today. A digestive system consists of an esophagus extending from the pharynx to the stomach and a gut from the stomach to the anus. People living in coastal regions of many developing countries rely heavily on them for income and employment. Fertilization occurs internally. List of transitional fossils Chondrichthyes, Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date, "Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering", "Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures", "Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs", "The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland", "Chondrichthyan-like scales from the Middle Ordovician of Australia", "The systematics of the Mongolepidida (Chondrichthyes) and the Ordovician origins of the clade", "Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China", The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China - PubMed, "Jaws for a spiral-tooth whorl: CT images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil Helicoprion", Images of many sharks, skates and rays on Morphbank, Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrichthyes&oldid=1142043818, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 05:49. An Overview Of Pisces- Characteristics And Classifications - BYJUS Litherland, L., Collin, S. P., & Fritsches, K. A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012. Signals obtained from sensory nerves are brought to the central nervous system for interpretation. 2. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior pp 111Cite as. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.045849. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20106. (2013). Morphometric and ultrastructural comparison of the olfactory system in elasmobranchs: The significance of structurefunction relationships based on phylogeny and ecology. Morphology of the mechanosensory lateral line system in elasmobranch fishes: Ecological and behavioral considerations. The principle component of shark liver oil is called squalene. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [5] They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. Often has a parasite on its eye, causing it to be nearly blind. In Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Rays are worth an economical amount. As they do not have bone marrow, red blood cells are produced in the spleen and special tissue around the gonads. In A. Oppel (Ed. In chondrichthyans, the nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves. Electroreceptors are a sensory organ that can detect electric signals. Smaller in size compared to Chondrichthyes. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100036. Taormina has taught advanced high school biology, is a science museum educator, and has a Master's degree in museum paleontology. Kajiura, S. M., Cornett, A. D., & Yopak, K. E. (2010). It also contains the cerebrum, which plays an important role in olfactory processes. PubMed The ampullae of Lorenzini (Figures 3.15 and 3.37) are modified parts of the lateral line system (see later) and primarily sensitive to electrical fields (they can help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey).They form a series of tube-like structures just beneath and parallel to the skin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x. Mandado, M., Molist, P., Anadon, R., & Yanez, J. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-2, Springer Reference Behavioral Science and Psychology, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004638, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00130.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0. Skates: Little skate, Small deep-water skate, Andaman leg skate, etc. The pineal organ of Raja clavata: Opsin immunoreactivity and ultrastructure. ), Lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Wirbeltiere (pp. The Central Nervous System of Hagfishes | SpringerLink They also eat plankton and other small organisms. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Extant chondrichthyes range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in) finless sleeper ray to the 10 m (32 ft) whale shark. Can grow up to 7.3m (24ft) and more than 1,400kg (3,100lb). Gardiner, J. M., Hueter, R. E., Maruska, K. P., Sisneros, J. - Facts, Uses, Properties & Formula, Conditioned Inhibition: Definition, Process & Example, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Diagnosis, Rehab & Recovery, Depression & Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Pituitary Gland, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Body, Saccus Vasculosus, Relays messages and helps maintain homeostasis, Superficial White Zone, Central Zone, Deep White Zone, Periventricular Gray Zone, Needed to maintain equilibrium and relay messages. Fishes in the class Chondrichthyes are included in the division Gnathostomata since they have jaws. We've discovered that their brains aren't too different from ours in overall plan, although their cerebellum is quite large compared to the cerebrum in many cases, a reverse of our own brain setup. That electrical signal goes through fluid filled pores and strike nerves to signal the brain. PubMed Meredith, T. L., & Kajiura, S. M. (2010). (1990). The Chondrichthyes are the basalmost extant branch of Gnathostomata and comprehend a monophyletic group of fishes with fossils and extant representatives distributed in 65 families with 1282 valid species. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-2, eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-1, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. The peripheral nervous system detects stimuli with the somatic sensory nerves (for the muscles and skin) or visceral sensory nerves (for internal organs). (Note: It is rated PG but there are some graphic scenes involving shark finning), Sharkwater (2006)[Vimeo] Running time 1 hour 30 minutes. A. Musick, & M. R. Heithaus (Eds. Endocrine system | Definition, Organs, Function, Structure, Diagram (1995). Pectoral morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the acanthodian-chondrichthyan divide. A review of the sensory biology of chimaeroid fishes (Chondrichthyes; Holocephali). injured/weakened prey), Have a U-shaped stomach (Not as complex as humans), Stomach leads to the intestine which is called the. Lisney, T. J. Head morphology and pore distribution of carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Active electroreception in Gymnotus omari: Imaging, object discrimination, and early processing of actively generated signals. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 92134. The traditional groups include Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Rays: Electric ray, Stingray, Manta ray, etc. The somatotopic organization of the olfactory bulb in elasmobranchs. Chondrichthyes possess 5-7 pairs of gill slits. Chicago: SEM. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14068. Christina graduated with a Master's in biology from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. The Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), which attains 6.5 metres (21 feet) or more (although rarely taken larger than about 4 metres [13 feet]), grows only about 7.5 mm (about 0.3 inch) per year. (More energy into offspring = less offspring produced that have higher survival rate). 2, pp. https://doi.org/10.1206/3875.1. Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T.K. Chondrichthyes sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. In J. C. Carrier, J. Acta Zool 90:134-151. There are two superclasses of Gnathostomata, viz. (2001). Phylogenetic and ecological factors influencing the number and distribution of electroreceptors in elasmobranchs. I feel like its a lifeline. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives II (pp. The nervous system is composed of the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. The Chondrichthyes are a group of jawed fishes with a cartilaginous skeleton. Newton, K. C., Gill, A. Test of the mechanotactile hypothesis: Neuromast morphology and response dynamics of mechanosensory lateral line primary afferents in the stingray. In this chapter we present a modern interpretation of the regional organization of the chondrichthyan brain mainly based on updated genoarchitectonic, neurochemical, and, in a lesser extent,. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-1, Springer Reference Behavioral Science and Psychology, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004638, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00130.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0. Department of Psychology, Oakland University Department of Psychology, Rochester, MI, USA, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA, Slobodian, V., Citeli, N., Cesar, S.E., Soares, K.D.A. Die Parietalorgane. The central nervous system of osteichthyes is comprised of a brain and a spinal cord, just like our own central nervous system.Most fish brains are very small compared to overall body size, about 1/15th the mass of a similarly-sized mammal or bird.Other bony fish, such as the freshwater elephant fish (Family Mormyridae), have exceptionally large PDF BOTANY - eamcet.tsche.ac.in Yopak, K. E., Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20106. Chondrichthyes Sensory Systems | SpringerLink Lowenstein, O., & Roberts, T. D. M. (1951). Ovoviviparous (Aplacental yolk sac viviparous). Osteichthyes (oss-tee-ICK-thees), or bony fish, are a major group of fish that possess a bony skeleton. 1. Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes have the following general characteristics: Both have endoskeletons and exoskeletons. Some nerves come directly from the brain and are responsible for picking up important sensory information such as taste, smell, and sight. Behavior and physiology of mechanoreception: Separating signal and noise. Not all sharks are swimming noses: Variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. The electric organs (which are often found within the tail) generate specific waveforms and amplitudes that are controlled by the nervous system. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(20), 34633476. The mesencephalon sits superior to the diencephalon and contains the superficial white zone, central zone, deep white zone, and periventricular gray zone. Manta Ray. The nervous system is composed of the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. Chondrichthyes (/kndrki.iz/; from Ancient Greek (khndros)'cartilage', and (ikhths)'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Comparative Vertebrate Physiology Long Answer Test Review! Long gestation (development of offspring) and take a long time to reach maturity. Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. Meredith, T. L., Kajiura, S. M., & Hansen, A. https://doi.org/10.1038/421495a. 17. Class Chondrichthyes Notes - SlideShare The nervous system is composed of neural tissue which works by reacting to stimuli and sending responses via electric signals. However, this is only a general rule and many species differ. In Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Yopak, K. E., Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2015). In O. M. Johari (Ed. Yopak, K. E., Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2015). Responses are generated and sent to specific structures via motor neurons. A DiI-tracing study of the neural connections of the pineal organ in two elasmobranchs (Scyliorhinus canicula and Raja montagui) suggests a pineal projection to the midbrain GnRH-immunoreactive nucleus. Some fishes also have specific organs that can omit electric signals, such as those found in electric eels or knife fishes. In the next five years it grows about 60 mm (about 2.4 inches) more toward its maximum recorded width of 25 cm (10 inches) in males or 31 cm (12.25 inches) in females. We typically think of oviparousity as the most primitive and viviparousity as more advanced. The Journal of Physiology. Let's delve into the structure and function of the central nervous system in bony fish - the brain and spinal cord - as well as the peripheral nervous system - branching nerves that extend throughout the body. Two chambered hearts, one with an auricle and one with a ventricle, are present in these creatures. [3] They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives II (pp. Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). Most of the rays, on the other hand, take in water chiefly through the spiracles; these then close by contraction at their anterior margins, which bear rudimentary gill filaments and a spiracular valve. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61(2), 125133. These select Elasmobranchii have the ability to withstand both salt and fresh water. The fertilization takes place internally. 29.1D: Characteristics of Vertebrates - Biology LibreTexts If you are interested in conservation issues or sharks, check it out! The sperm travel to the anterior end of the oviduct, where they fertilize the eggs. Chondrichthyes is subdivided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii- Sharks and rays, skates, sawfishes. B., & Kajiura, S. M. (2019). PubMedGoogle Scholar. It is responsible for detecting signals and sending responses. Didier, D. A. A review of the sensory biology of chimaeroid fishes (Chondrichthyes; Holocephali). Cell and Tissue Research, 303(3), 391401. To defend themselves from enemies, they possess poison stings. Morphometric and ultrastructural comparison of the olfactory system in elasmobranchs: The significance of structurefunction relationships based on phylogeny and ecology. Systematic Ichthyology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, Fauna and Protected Areas Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering, University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, Laboratory of Vertebrate Comparative Anatomy, Department of Zoology, University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, You can also search for this author in Circulatory System Part 2: The Heart and Major Vessels; Circulatory System Part 3: Blood Pressure; Circulatory System Part 4: Vessels, Capillary Fluid Exchange, Lymphatic System; Unit 7: Respiratory System. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(4), 571590. The localization and analysis of the responses to vibration from the isolated elasmobranch labyrinth: A contribution to the problem of the evolution of hearing in vertebrates. In A. Oppel (Ed. They have excellent auditory and low light detecting receptors. Subjects: Anatomy Araripe Plateau Brazil Cear (State) Chondrichthyes Cretaceous Egertonodus basanus Fishes, Fossil Neuroanatomy Paleontology Phylogeny Sharks Sharks, Fossil Skull . Habitat: Majority of the Elasmobranchii live in saltwater ocean; however, an estimated 43 species including skates, smooth dogfishes, river sharks, pajama catsharks, and sandfishes, stingrays, sawfishes, and bull shark and many more are known to feed or reproduce in freshwater rivers. The ampullae are concentrated on the head, particularly . It contains the pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, and saccus vasculosus. Cell and Tissue Research, 228(1), 139148. They are also produced in the Leydig's organ, which is only found in certain cartilaginous fishes. Each clasper has a groove for guidance of sperm. Brain Structure and Function, 220, 11271143. Protected by the shell and nourished by the abundant yolk, the embryo of an oviparous species develops for 18 to 59 weeks before hatching. It contains lymphoid and hemopoietic tissue. (2021). Compagno, L. J. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13922. Meredith, T. L., & Kajiura, S. M. (2010). Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. 6. The characteristics of cartilaginous fish are as follows: The endoskeleton is made up of cartilage. It includes sharks and rays, skates, and sawfishes. Chondrichthyes - Rays, Sharks, Skates, Chimaeras Mandado, M., Molist, P., Anadon, R., & Yanez, J. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10661. In J. C. Carrier, J. (1983). Kajiura, S. M., Cornett, A. D., & Yopak, K. E. (2010). The Chondrichthyes are the basalmost extant branch of Gnathostomata and comprehend a monophyletic group of fishes with fossils and extant representatives distributed in 65 families with 1282 valid species. A fish's brain is broken up into the telencephalon (which contains the cerebrum and olfactory lobes), diencephalon (which contains structures such as the pineal body, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, and saccus vasculosus), mesencephalon (which contains the various white and gray zones), and hind brain (composed of the cerebellum and brain stem). (2010). American Museum Novitates, 2017(3875), 115. The Circulatory System Part 1: Evolution and Blood! A distinct heterocercal tail protrudes from the lower lobe as well as the extension of vertebrae into the upper lobe. Mucous glands exist in some species, as well. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Pisces are classified into three categories: Placodermi (Aphstohyoids) Chondrichthyes; Osteichthyes; Placodermi (Aphstohyoids) All members of this class are extinct today. ), 114(4), 471489. Odds are you are thinking of a member of the group Osteichthyes. 2017 for more information), the extant chondrichthyans are divided into two groups, the Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, and their kin) and the Holocephali (chimaeras and their kin), and can be recognized by the presence of some apomorphic characteristics, such as prismatic calcification of the cartilaginous endoskeleton, the presence of placoid scales, and pelvic fin modified in claspers in males. They contain a central nervous system containing a brain and spinal cord and a peripheral nervous system containing the various nerves throughout the body. Thus, it is unknown whether the dermal or oral teeth evolved first. Hammerhead sharks are one such migratory shark. Veronica Slobodian . Web the chondrichthyes are the cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays, while the osteichthyes are the bony fishes. With this, fishes can detect when the water around them moves, alerting them of a passing nearby fish. The fossil record of the Holocephali starts in the Devonian period. Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 28(14), 3375. ), Scanning electron microscopy (Vol. 349402). A DiI-tracing study of the neural connections of the pineal organ in two elasmobranchs (Scyliorhinus canicula and Raja montagui) suggests a pineal projection to the midbrain GnRH-immunoreactive nucleus. Class Chondrichthyes - The Biology Classroom - University of British https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410000328. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 60(13), 4775. Sharks/relatives also have an enlarged liver (up to 20% of the weight of the fish) that produces lots of oil. Skates, which sometimes hold the lower surface of the head slightly above the bottom, may inhale some water through the mouth; mantas, which have small spiracles and live near the surface, respire chiefly through the mouth. Not all sharks are swimming noses: Variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. In O. M. Johari (Ed. Phylogenetic and ecological factors influencing the number and distribution of electroreceptors in elasmobranchs. Kempster, R. M., McCarthy, I. D., & Collin, S. P. (2012). The first pup to be able eats all of the other pups. Mandado, M., Molist, P., Anadon, R., & Yanez, J. Calcium deposits provide strength to the endoskeleton, which is composed of cartilage. 304 lessons The Respiratory System Part 1: Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing; The Respiratory System Part 2: Regulation of Breathing . Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Some fishes have specialized nervous systems that stimulate organs capable of generating electric fields. Question: What benefits would having a jaw confer to an organism? The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. 31 chapters | https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410000328. The telencephalon is the most rostral (forward) portion of the brain. Osteichthyes Nervous System Anatomy & Function - Study.com Chondrichthyans have a closed circulatory system. They are oviparous in some cases and viviparous in others. Do fishes have a nervous system? However, Chondrichthyans also have special sensing organs called the Ampullae of Lorenzini giving them a seventh sense., Figure 4: Close up of a shark rostum notice the series of dots scatter throughout. Visual Neuroscience, 26(4), 397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150. Skates, stingrays, guitarfishes, and angel sharks frequently reverse the direction of flow through the spiracles, apparently to clear them of foreign matter. Originally, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA, Slobodian, V., Citeli, N., Cesar, S.E., Soares, K.D.A. Laboratrio de Ictiologia Sistemtica, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Cincias Biolgicas, Campus Universitrio Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Braslia, Braslia, DF, Brazil, Laboratrio de Fauna e Unidades de Conservao, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade de Braslia, Braslia, DF, Brazil, Laboratrio de Anatomia Comparada de Vertebrados, Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas, Instituto de Cincias Biolgicas, Universidade de Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, Laboratory of Vertebrate Comparative Anatomy, Department of Zoology, University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, You can also search for this author in
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