The roots of Asparagus (H. Satavaer) yields a tonic. There are three fused carpels (syncarpus) with one to three chambers (locules), a single style and a three-lobed stigma. Since alline has never been synthesized, reisolation and study of the structure, reactions and activity is warranted. Another modern variety is 'Princess Irene'. The Persian word for tulips, lleh (), was borrowed into Turkish and Arabic as lale. By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to Antwerp,[90] where they were mistaken for vegetables,[91] although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the Netherlands in 1625. K. Calochortus venustus. All the extracts have resulted in significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of implants when compared with their respective controls. WebAllium sativum, commonly known as garlic is the species of flowering plant belonging to family Liliaceae. Bulb, stem bearing one or more leaves, e.g. Allium cepa ( Chapter 14) and Allium Lyall's Mariposa or Sego Lily. (1st ed. Asphodelus:. The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry (Medeoleae) which is dispersed by animals. Sand Lily. Some of these species are used as medicinal plants for a long time in European, Asian, and North American countries [3]. ): two Liliaceous "root" foods of the Northwest Coast Indians", "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", "The Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Flowering Plants", "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", "Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales", Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Seed collecting and identification - 35. Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! By Franz J. Nienhaus. Tubers with climbing stem, inflorescence small flowered racemes, e.g. The style is solitary; stigmas are 3, tri-lobed or with 3 crests. The disease may suddenly appear when the plants are planted out during frost or when planted early at high temperatures after storage on a standing ground. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme, of a solitary flower, or rarely an umbel. Share Your PPT File. The Rosaceae family [64] Calochortus (mariposa lily) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars.[65]. 600 species. Perennial and arboreal habit in some genera (Aloe, Yucca). Sagebrush Sego lily. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. Calochortus apiculatus. Only the, Rudall et al. Bulbs from A. cepa are thought to have been used as a popular vegetable everywhere for millennia. Underground tunicated bulb, extremely reduced to a conical disc like structure. Research is now being done to examine these glycosides more carefully. Clintonia uniflora. Per Halfdan Nielsen, in Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, 1999. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). A,B. The Liliaceae in the past has been treated as a large assemblage (Liliaceae sensu lato), which has more recently been broken up into numerous segregate families. Asia to China. V. Kuete, in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017. Liliaceae, Lily family. These species can be ornamental or medicinal, or can be eaten or used to make textiles. The binomial names or scientific names of medicinal plants from the family Solanaceae are: Atropa belladona, Solanum trilobatum and Withania somnifera Solve any question of Morphology Of Flowering Plants with:- Patterns of problems > Was this answer helpful? In addition to its beneficial effects against MetS, this spice has a great medicinal value (see details in Chapter15). Long-Time Changin' in the Liliaceous Families", "Liliaceae Segregated According to Brummitt (1992)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&oldid=1127719218, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with dead external links from October 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 December 2022, at 08:10. S-allylcysteine significantly improved glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Mathew and Augusti,1973; Panickar,2013). It is also known as the lily family. By Martin Bucher. It was shown that raw garlic extract significantly improves insulin sensitivity while attenuating MetS and oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats for 8weeks (Padiya etal.,2011; Panickar,2013). Economic Importance 4. Stem erect with leafy crown, e.g. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Michael G. Simpson, in Plant Systematics (Second Edition), 2010. Although tulip festivals are held around the world in the spring, the most famous of these is the display at Keukenhof. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type. Herbs rarely shrubs, stem underground rhizome, corm or bulb; leaves alternate, flowers actinomorphic, trimerous, hypogynous, perianth 6 in two whorls of 3 each, free or fused; stamen 3+3, epiphyllous, antiphyllous; gynoecium tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, axile placentation, two to many ovules per loculus; fruit capsule or berry; seed endospermic. The stylised lily, or fleur-de-lis (lily flower) has long been associated with royalty, although it may originally have been derived from the form of an iris. Associated with decreased risk of cancer. Rooting of shoots was achieved on half-strength [4] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas. Allium cepa (Onion), Allium sativum (Garlic) and Asparagus are edible and used as food. Early Christian churches, such as that of the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe were sometimes decorated with lilies. The largest genera are Gagea (200), Fritillaria (130), Lilium (110), and Tulipa (75 species), all within the tribe Lilieae. In India, garlic is used to relieve problems, such as coughs and fevers or applied externally to prevent graying of hair andto improve skin conditions, such as eczema and scabies as well as to treat tetanus andlungs inflammation (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Liliaceae s.s.. The relative stereochemistry is revealed from the X-ray structure as cis-annelation of the pyrrolidine rings. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the royal palaces, and was adopted by the Osmans as their symbol. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Indian Cucumber. INTERIOR PLANTS Plant FamiliesLamiaceae to Liliaceae. [71][72][73] Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression. Monochasial cymes enclosed by 2 or 3 membranous bracts arranged in an umbellate fashion on an erect leafless scape. When symptoms appear, the plants show faint chlorotic spots and sometimes necrotic lesions. Garlic grows in temperate and tropical regions all over the world, and many cultivars have been developed to suit different climates (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Lilium lancifolium. (2000) and Fay et al. [21] Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae (Lilium, Fritillaria, Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum, Notholirion) from the Himalayas about 12mya and the Tulipeae (Erythronium, Tulipa, Gagea) from East Asia at about the same time. Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. [20] The seeds are dispersed by wind and water. Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior or half inferior, trilocular or unilocular with two ovules, axile placentation, style simple; stigma trilobed or 3-parted. Glacier National Park. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. The roots are typically contractile. [5] Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant. LAMIACEAE Also known as Labiatae Opposite leaves, square stems and frequently have essential oils that are fragrant Used for ornamentation, flavor and medicinal use Over 200 genera and 3200 species. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. Cardiocrinum). Within these genera a wide range of cultivars have been developed by breeding and hybridisation. LAMIACEAE Swedish Ivy exhibits the square stems and opposite leaves Mulethi is a medicinal plant of Fabaceae and it is a dicot family. A well-known example is Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation (14721475) in which the archangel Gabriel bears a Madonna lily. It is assigned to the genus Potyvirus and can be transmitted by aphids (e.g., Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae) in a nonpersistent manner. [81], Fritillaria extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name chuan bei mu, and in Latin, bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae. Since interspecific cross-pollination occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids. Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. Affinities 5. Figure 58. The main producer of tulip bulbs is the Netherlands, a country that accounts for 87% of the global cultivated area, with approximately 12,000 hectares. The type genus, Lily (Lilium), has a long history in literature and art, and a tradition of symbolism as well as becoming a popular female name, and a floral emblem, particularly of France (fleur-de-lis). The Romans knew Commercially, plants may be propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. As with the Asparagales, family delimitations of the Liliales have undergone a number of changes in recent years. Corm is very useful. LVS does not induce specific symptoms in many cultivars, but reduced growth, small flowers, and lower bulb yields are recorded. Tankeo etal. A. sativum is the most widely consumed bulb after onion (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). It does not store any personal data. 1. Return to the Plant Families IndexReturn to the Wildflowers & Weeds Home Page. J. Engelmann, J. Hamacher, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. [85] However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the genus Lilium. Liliaceae comprises 50 genera and approximately 600 species of flowering plants with many of them been used as spices and vegetables. [59][60], Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as Tulipa tarda and Tulipa turkestanica. We concentrate on virus diseases of the genera Tulipa and Lilium, as they represent large genera with economically very important ornamentals. The name "Liliaceae" (English: /lliesi, -sia, -sie, -sii/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Lilium, the type genus, + -aceae,[47] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. Shrubby xerophytic plant, wild on rocks with dull red flowers. In modern times it appears in many forms, symbolic and decorative, and can be used on compasses to indicate the direction north, as well as the Scouting movement. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported. comprise medicinal value. Sinauer Associates. Prolonged gestation may occur and is considered due to absence of a fetal pituitary gland (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). Tulips exhibiting flower breaking induced by TBV. As LMoV is a potyvirus its transmission is affected by aphids in a nonpersistent manner. Medeola virginiana. WebAtropa belladona, an important medicinal plant is of the family Solanaceae. "Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales). Primitive Living Skills | Outdoor Wilderness Living School, LLC By 1845, John Lindley, the first English systematist, unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. [69][70], While members of the Liliaceae s.s. have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are poisonous to household pets (bulb toxicosis) if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as kidney failure in cats from Lilies, particularly Lilium longiflorum (Easter Lily). The color variation is caused by local fading, intensification, or accumulation of pigments in the upper epidermal layer after development of the normal flower color. JUNE: Lilies", "How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape". [76] These are also toxic to a variety of animals. Dracaena, Aloe. Streaks of darker color may occur on tepals of red flowering varieties, whereas those streaks appear translucent in yellow or white flowers. Thiacremonone, given to db/db mice, significantly reduced body weight and decreased blood triglyceride and glucose levels when compared with controls (Ban etal.,2012). It causes chlorotic or necrotic streaks in leaves and streaks of intensified color mainly at the margins of tepals. (white mustard seed, Bai Jie Zi), Amorica rusticana (horseradish), Raphani sativi (radish seed, Lai fu Zi). The leaves are generally simple and elongated with veins parallel to the edges, arranged singly and alternating on the stem, but may form a rosette at the base of the stem. Lambs may also be born with tracheal stenosis. Blue camas (Camassia), for example, is listed in different sources as a member of the Lily family, Hyacinth family, Agave family, and now the Agave subfamily of the Asparagus family. However, most of the West African countries as well as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia are also producers (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Note nectary at base of tepal. The tepals may also become bleached or necrotic, resembling symptoms caused by TNV. WebEA202090998A1 EA202090998A EA202090998A EA202090998A1 EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 Authority EA Eurasian Patent Office Prior art keywords quercetin mol Share Your PDF File Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. C. Tulipa sp., tulip. The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae)[7] flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots. and Western China. These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva-vulpis with their chequered patterns. Again, some reversal to the broader reticulate-veined leaves occurred (e.g. The virus is transferred to the roots specifically adhering to the zoospores of the chytridiomycete Olpidium brassicae. Perigonal nectaries are present, at the tepal bases. Explain with suitable example. From: Medicinal Plant Research in Africa, 2013, J.D.D. They also form a significant part of the cut flower market, in particular Tulipa and Lilium. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. [58][92] Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,[93][94] similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. Can cockroaches be fused together with their Brain Juice? [26][27] Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,[78][79][80] which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of Fritillaria. Tamokou, V. Kuete, in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017. Answer Now and help others. [6][9] Tulipa and Gagea provide examples of ornamental geophyte biomorphological types representing continental thermoperiodic zones (Irano-Turanian region), characterised by cessation of underground growth at high temperatures in early summer and requiring low winter temperatures for spring flowering. whorled, usually sheathing, rarely petiolate, simple, and parallel veined [rarely net-veined]. In this study, the The virus can also infect tulips. Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the Amaryllidaceae, making this one of the largest monocotyledon families. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Fibrous adventitious, sometimes tuberous (Asparagus). Jussieu defined this grouping as having a calyx of six equal colored parts, six stamens, a superior ovary, single style, and a trilocular (three-chambered) capsule. The overy is positioned superior and consists of 3 united carpels, as indicated by the same number of stigmas. 1999, 2nd 2002) (3 ed.). One of these varieties is known as 'Rembrandt', after the Dutch artist of that name. Accordingly formula 69 is not intended to depict absolute configuration. Within the Lilioideae, Clintonia and the closely related Medeola form a subclade, and are now considered a separate tribe (Medeoleae). WebThe Lily Family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. Calochortus weedii. 6, in two words of three each, polyphyllous (Lilium, Tulipa) or gamophyllous (Aloe, Asparagus) and of various shapes; petaloid or sepaloid; imbricate in bud, usually valvate aestivation, perianth may be scarious or membranous. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. (black mustard, cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts, etc. Essential oil from onion contains a heart stimulant, increasing pulse volume and frequency of systolic pressure and coronary flow. Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated. Akroum etal. Flowers arise on the upper surface of phylloclades. See Hayashi and Kawano (2000), Patterson and Givnish (2002), and Tamura (1998a,b). LILIALES, exemplars. Queen's Cup. Economic importance includes several taxa of value as ornamental cultivars, including lilies, Lilium, and tulips, Tulipa. Both Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae similis flos are important components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with precious medicinal value. A vector transmission by soil-inhabiting nematodes of the genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus may spread the virus in the field. Calochortus lyallii. Aloe:. In Nepal, East Asia, and the Middle East, A. sativum is used to treat several ailments including fevers, diabetes, rheumatism, intestinal worms, colic, flatulence, dysentery, liver disorders, tuberculosis, facial paralysis, high blood pressure, and bronchitis (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). In Smilax stipulate and stipules are modified into tendrils. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and the roots showed an anti-implantation activity of 70% and 77%, respectively, while the ethanol extracts of the leaves and roots showed 48% and 61%, respectively. Near Glacier National Park. It includes 250 genera and 4000 species, which are world wide in distribution. plantlets for propagation and bulb formation", "Multiplication of Tulip Bulb by Tissue Culture in vitro", "Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants", "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art. Spiritual uses have been assigned to garlic; in fact, it was reported that garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes to ward off vampires. Tulip breaking virus (TBV) is the most frequently encountered virus in tulips. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits (berries) with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes, and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers. Broken down in cooking and food preparation in the gut to produce isothiocyanates and other products. Most species are grown from bulbs, although some have rhizomes. [86] Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society,[87] or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry. [30], Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the phylogeny of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. [53][54][55] One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus (ReTBV).[56][57]. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).[6]. Urginea sp. The fruit is a loculicidal, septicidal, or irregularly dehiscent capsule or a berry. Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. Smilax, Aloe, Gloriosa, Veratrum, Colchicum, Scilla and Urginea yield useful drugs. Robert W. Coppock, Margitta M. Dziwenka, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 2011. Methods of propagation include both sexual and asexual reproduction. WebLiliaceae is a family of angiosperms. The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. Photo contributed by Christy Fitzsimmons. Lilies have 3 sepals and 3 petals, which are identical in size and color (often referred to as 6 tepals). Ca. Garlic is widely used as a medicine worldwide and is regarded as an aphrodisiac (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). The family, on account of marked variabilities in cytological, embryological and anatomical structures, appears to be polyphyletic in origin. E. Colchicaceae, Burchardia umbel-lata. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb)[2] recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes.[11]. Infected plants do not necessarily show symptoms, since the virus may be confined to the roots. 3. Mostly herbs (Asphodelus), perennating by rhizome (Aloe), bulb (Lilium, Tulipa, Allium), tree (Dracena), climber (Asparagus, Smilax), xerophytic plants like Yucca, Aloe; cladodes in Asparagus and Ruscus. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Foliar vein clearing or intercostal light green stripes may develop as well. That means the seed possesses only a single cotyledon. Stunting and distortion of the shoot and leaves are the most severe symptoms but streaking or angular or elliptical spots are more typical symptoms. Allium:. It has been used as a medicinal agent for thousands of years. Liliaceae are subject to a wide variety of diseases and pests, including insects, such as thrips, aphids, beetles and flies. WebJournal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2023; 11(1): 191-194 ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 S. No. They are generally used in outdoor gardens and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the winter months. They can be used raw, sliced for seasoning salads, boiled with other vegetables, or fried with other vegetables and meat. Allium sativum (Liliaceae), known as garlic, is a strongly aromatic bulb crop believed to originate from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Western China (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Cultivated in winter for bulbs. 4. It was also reported that in Islam, it is generally recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque, since the odor could distract other Muslims during their prayer. The white lily has long been seen as a symbol of purity, coming to be associated with the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages, from which came the name Madonna lily (Lilium candidum). What are the characters Mendel selected for his experiments on pea plant? [26][27][82] The bulbs of Fritillaria roylei have been used as antipyretics and expectorants. Common characteristics include large flowers with parts arranged in threes: with six colored or patterned petaloid tepals (undifferentiated petals and sepals) arranged in two whorls, six stamens and a superior ovary. Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. Herbaceous, or woody, solid or fistular, underground; aerial climbing or erect; underground stem may be corm, bulb or rhizome. It includes ornamental plants such as lilies, tulips, medicinal plants, e.g. Dracaena and Xanthorrhoea yield resin. Photographed in New Zealand. They comprise of all different plant Various authorities (e.g. Allium, Agapanthus. [20] Lilium bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii)[69] are used as food in China and other parts of Asia. The gynoecium is syncarpous, with a superior ovary, 3 carpels, and 3 locules. is a Liliaceae plant which is used to make pesticides. The leaves are basal or cauline, spiral or (in Lilium and Fritillaria spp.) Dahlgren (1985) suggested there were in fact forty not one families distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales). The family evolved approximately 68 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene epochs. Which types of bacteria are used in Bt-cotton? Web2016, Vol. Allicin was found to possess insulin potentiating effects (Mathew and Augusti,1973). WebMajor vegetative characteristics about the Liliaceae family are listed below: Liliaceae family flowering plants consist of Fibrous roots which are bushy and thin. GI. It is a perennial climbing or erect shrub that can grow between 700 and 3800m above sea level. Which part of the male reproductive system store the sperm? The primary teratogen is cyclopamine (Figure 84.1), and the critical exposure time is gestation days 13 to 15 (Molyneux et al., 2007; Welch et al., 2009). Asphodelus tenuifolius (H. Paiz) (Fig. Tulips originated from Central Asia and include about 100 different species. Retrieved 29 January 2014. By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. Bomarea sp. Short rhizome with arrow or lanceolate radical leaves e.g. (2009) have reported the antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli as well as the inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract against C. neoformans. Quite a few members of the Liliaceae have been used for food but one must be aware of potential DEADLY LOOK ALIKES The following table shows information from the incredible resource Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America by Francois Couplan (1998). Commercial cultivars are usually sterile. Liliaceae", "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval", "Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae", "Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae", "Camas (Camassia spp.)