The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth.
Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society - YouTube Nigeria Has Never Exercised Rule Over Bakassi Even in Traditional Society At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the .
Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society orig Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open.
PDF (PDF) Lalimentazione In Ostaggio Le Mani Delle Multinazionali Su Quel [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. [44] The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! Hall Fund. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites.
The Decline of Ekpe Masquerade amongst the Efik Speakers Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. Corrections?
Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Here's a look inside. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. Omissions? (1985). It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic.
african cultures exam 3 Flashcards | Quizlet The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted.
The Ekale Dancers from South-West Cameroon - YouTube The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. In the culture we have discussed, the term nyama refers to: the power which exists in all things, which can be controlled only by special persons. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine.
Efik Traditional Attires The Efik are an ethnic group - RefinedNG Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. There are two distinct but related societies. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Ed Keazor Follow Barrister-at-Law Advertisement Advertisement Recommended [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. 4. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River.
African Script - Culture - Nigeria [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town.
(PDF) Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon.
African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources 2017). [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice.
Ivor Miller - AfroCubaWeb [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996).
The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria According to E.U. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians.
PDF Traditional Societies and Pre-colonial Security System: Interrogating Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. Posted on March 01, 2015 Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon.
Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. Updates? Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites.
Niki Buroro Agbor Jerome - Field Fellowship Kokolopori Bonobo Research The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. [66] The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. . Alternate titles: Egbo, Ekpo, Leopard society. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. This is UKARA cloth used by the Ekpe society in a handful of places in Nigeria, Cameroon The symbols are nisbidi You even scanned the raffia marks left from resist dyeing I hope you won't sue the owners in future! Simple theme. "Egbo" redirects here. The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others.
Oroko people - Wikipedia Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion.
Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine.
The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants.
PDF Cuban Abakua Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar.